flash-attention/csrc/flash_attn/flash_api.cpp

/******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2023, Tri Dao.
 ******************************************************************************/

// Include these 2 headers instead of torch/extension.h since we don't need all of the torch headers.
#include <torch/python.h>
#include <torch/nn/functional.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>

#include <cutlass/numeric_types.h>

#include "flash.h"
#include "static_switch.h"

#define CHECK_DEVICE(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), #x " must be on CUDA")
#define CHECK_SHAPE(x, ...) TORCH_CHECK(x.sizes() == torch::IntArrayRef({__VA_ARGS__}), #x " must have shape (" #__VA_ARGS__ ")")
#define CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(x) TORCH_CHECK(x.is_contiguous(), #x " must be contiguous")


void set_params_fprop(Flash_fwd_params &params,
                      // sizes
                      const size_t b,
                      const size_t seqlen_q,
                      const size_t seqlen_k,
                      const size_t seqlen_q_rounded,
                      const size_t seqlen_k_rounded,
                      const size_t h,
                      const size_t h_k,
                      const size_t d,
                      const size_t d_rounded,
                      // device pointers
                      const at::Tensor q,
                      const at::Tensor k,
                      const at::Tensor v,
                      at::Tensor out,
                      void *cu_seqlens_q_d,
                      void *cu_seqlens_k_d,
                      void *p_d,
                      void *softmax_lse_d,
                      float p_dropout,
                      float softmax_scale,
                      bool is_causal) {

    // Reset the parameters
    memset(&params, 0, sizeof(params));

    params.is_bf16 = q.dtype() == torch::kBFloat16;

    // Set the pointers and strides.
    params.q_ptr = q.data_ptr();
    params.k_ptr = k.data_ptr();
    params.v_ptr = v.data_ptr();
    // All stride are in elements, not bytes.
    params.q_row_stride = q.stride(-3);
    params.k_row_stride = k.stride(-3);
    params.v_row_stride = v.stride(-3);
    params.q_head_stride = q.stride(-2);
    params.k_head_stride = k.stride(-2);
    params.v_head_stride = v.stride(-2);
    params.o_ptr = out.data_ptr();
    params.o_row_stride = out.stride(-3);
    params.o_head_stride = out.stride(-2);

    if (cu_seqlens_q_d == nullptr) {
        params.q_batch_stride = q.stride(0);
        params.k_batch_stride = k.stride(0);
        params.v_batch_stride = v.stride(0);
        params.o_batch_stride = out.stride(0);
    }

    params.cu_seqlens_q = static_cast<int *>(cu_seqlens_q_d);
    params.cu_seqlens_k = static_cast<int *>(cu_seqlens_k_d);

    // P = softmax(QK^T)
    params.p_ptr = p_d;

    // Softmax sum
    params.softmax_lse_ptr = softmax_lse_d;

    // Set the dimensions.
    params.b = b;
    params.h = h;
    params.h_k = h_k;
    params.h_h_k_ratio = h / h_k;
    params.seqlen_q = seqlen_q;
    params.seqlen_k = seqlen_k;
    params.seqlen_q_rounded = seqlen_q_rounded;
    params.seqlen_k_rounded = seqlen_k_rounded;
    params.d = d;
    params.d_rounded = d_rounded;

    // Set the different scale values.
    params.scale_softmax = softmax_scale;
    params.scale_softmax_log2 = softmax_scale * M_LOG2E;

    // Set this to probability of keeping an element to simplify things.
    params.p_dropout = 1.f - p_dropout;
    // Convert p from float to int so we don't have to convert the random uint to float to compare.
    // [Minor] We want to round down since when we do the comparison we use <= instead of <
    // params.p_dropout_in_uint = uint32_t(std::floor(params.p_dropout * 4294967295.0));
    // params.p_dropout_in_uint16_t = uint16_t(std::floor(params.p_dropout * 65535.0));
    params.p_dropout_in_uint8_t = uint8_t(std::floor(params.p_dropout * 255.0));
    params.rp_dropout = 1.f / params.p_dropout;
    params.scale_softmax_rp_dropout = params.rp_dropout * params.scale_softmax;
    TORCH_CHECK(p_dropout < 1.f);

    params.is_causal = is_causal;
    params.is_seqlens_k_cumulative = true;
}

void set_params_dgrad(Flash_bwd_params &params,
                      // sizes
                      const size_t b,
                      const size_t seqlen_q,
                      const size_t seqlen_k,
                      const size_t seqlen_q_rounded,
                      const size_t seqlen_k_rounded,
                      const size_t h,
                      const size_t h_k,
                      const size_t d,
                      const size_t d_rounded,
                      // device pointers
                      const at::Tensor q,
                      const at::Tensor k,
                      const at::Tensor v,
                      const at::Tensor out,
                      const at::Tensor dout,
                      at::Tensor dq,
                      at::Tensor dk,
                      at::Tensor dv,
                      void *cu_seqlens_q_d,
                      void *cu_seqlens_k_d,
                      void *dq_accum_d,
                      void *dk_accum_d,
                      void *dv_accum_d,
                      void *softmax_lse_d,
                      void *dsoftmax_sum_d,
                      float p_dropout,
                      float softmax_scale,
                      bool is_causal) {

    set_params_fprop(params,
                     b, seqlen_q, seqlen_k, seqlen_q_rounded, seqlen_k_rounded, h, h_k, d, d_rounded,
                     q, k, v, out,
                     cu_seqlens_q_d,
                     cu_seqlens_k_d,
                     nullptr,
                     softmax_lse_d,
                     p_dropout,
                     softmax_scale,
                     is_causal);

    // Set the pointers and strides.
    params.do_ptr = dout.data_ptr();
    params.do_row_stride = dout.stride(-3);
    params.do_head_stride = dout.stride(-2);
    params.dq_ptr = dq.data_ptr();
    params.dk_ptr = dk.data_ptr();
    params.dv_ptr = dv.data_ptr();
    params.dq_row_stride = dq.stride(-3);
    params.dk_row_stride = dk.stride(-3);
    params.dv_row_stride = dv.stride(-3);
    params.dq_head_stride = dq.stride(-2);
    params.dk_head_stride = dk.stride(-2);
    params.dv_head_stride = dv.stride(-2);

    if (cu_seqlens_q_d == nullptr) {
        params.do_batch_stride = dout.stride(0);
        params.dq_batch_stride = dq.stride(0);
        params.dk_batch_stride = dk.stride(0);
        params.dv_batch_stride = dv.stride(0);
    }

    params.dq_accum_ptr = dq_accum_d;
    params.dk_accum_ptr = dk_accum_d;
    params.dv_accum_ptr = dv_accum_d;

    // Softmax sum
    params.dsoftmax_sum = dsoftmax_sum_d;
}

void run_mha_fwd(Flash_fwd_params &params, cudaStream_t stream, bool force_split_kernel=false) {
    FP16_SWITCH(!params.is_bf16, [&] {
        FWD_HEADDIM_SWITCH(params.d, [&] {
            if (params.num_splits <= 1 && !force_split_kernel) {  // If we don't set it num_splits == 0
                run_mha_fwd_<elem_type, kHeadDim>(params, stream);
            } else {
                run_mha_fwd_splitkv_dispatch<elem_type, kHeadDim>(params, stream);
            }
        });
    });
}

// Find the number of splits that maximizes the occupancy. For example, if we have
// batch * n_heads = 48 and we have 108 SMs, having 2 splits (efficiency = 0.89) is
// better than having 3 splits (efficiency = 0.67). However, we also don't want too many
// splits as that would incur more HBM reads/writes.
// So we find the best efficiency, then find the smallest number of splits that gets 85%
// of the best efficiency.
inline int num_splits_heuristic(int batch_nheads_mblocks, int num_SMs, int num_n_blocks, int max_splits) {
    // If we have enough to almost fill the SMs, then just use 1 split
    if (batch_nheads_mblocks >= 0.8f * num_SMs) { return 1; }
    max_splits = std::min({max_splits, num_SMs, num_n_blocks});
    float max_efficiency = 0.f;
    std::vector<float> efficiency;
    efficiency.reserve(max_splits);
    auto ceildiv = [](int a, int b) { return (a + b - 1) / b; };
    // Some splits are not eligible. For example, if we have 64 blocks and choose 11 splits,
    // we'll have 6 * 10 + 4 blocks. If we choose 12 splits, we'll have 6 * 11 + (-2) blocks
    // (i.e. it's 11 splits anyway).
    // So we check if the number of blocks per split is the same as the previous num_splits.
    auto is_split_eligible = [&ceildiv, &num_n_blocks](int num_splits) {
        return num_splits == 1 || ceildiv(num_n_blocks, num_splits) != ceildiv(num_n_blocks, num_splits - 1);
    };
    for (int num_splits = 1; num_splits <= max_splits; num_splits++) {
        if (!is_split_eligible(num_splits)) {
            efficiency.push_back(0.f);
        } else {
            float n_waves = float(batch_nheads_mblocks * num_splits) / num_SMs;
            float eff = n_waves / ceil(n_waves);
            // printf("num_splits = %d, eff = %f\n", num_splits, eff);
            if (eff > max_efficiency) { max_efficiency = eff; }
            efficiency.push_back(eff);
        }
    }
    for (int num_splits = 1; num_splits <= max_splits; num_splits++) {
        if (!is_split_eligible(num_splits)) { continue; }
        if (efficiency[num_splits - 1] >= 0.85 * max_efficiency) {
            // printf("num_splits chosen = %d\n", num_splits);
            return num_splits;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

std::vector<at::Tensor>
mha_fwd(const at::Tensor &q,         // batch_size x seqlen_q x num_heads x head_size
        const at::Tensor &k,         // batch_size x seqlen_k x num_heads_k x head_size
        const at::Tensor &v,         // batch_size x seqlen_k x num_heads_k x head_size
        c10::optional<at::Tensor> &out_,             // batch_size x seqlen_q x num_heads x head_size
        const float p_dropout,
        const float softmax_scale,
        const bool is_causal,
        const bool return_softmax,
        c10::optional<at::Generator> gen_) {

    auto dprops = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties();
    // bool is_sm75 = dprops->major == 7 && dprops->minor == 5;
    bool is_sm8x = dprops->major == 8 && dprops->minor >= 0;
    bool is_sm90 = dprops->major == 9 && dprops->minor == 0;
    TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "FlashAttention only supports Ampere GPUs or newer.");
    // We will support Turing in the near future
    // TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x || is_sm75, "FlashAttention only supports Turing GPUs or newer.");

    auto q_dtype = q.dtype();
    TORCH_CHECK(q_dtype == torch::kFloat16 || q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16,
                "FlashAttention only support fp16 and bf16 data type");
    if (q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16) {
        TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "bfloat16 is only supported on Ampere GPUs or newer");
    }
    TORCH_CHECK(k.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and key must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(v.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and value must have the same dtype");

    CHECK_DEVICE(q); CHECK_DEVICE(k); CHECK_DEVICE(v);

    TORCH_CHECK(q.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(k.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(v.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");

    const auto sizes = q.sizes();

    const int batch_size = sizes[0];
    const int seqlen_q = sizes[1];
    const int num_heads = sizes[2];
    const int head_size_og = sizes[3];
    const int seqlen_k = k.size(1);
    const int num_heads_k = k.size(2);
    TORCH_CHECK(batch_size > 0, "batch size must be postive");
    TORCH_CHECK(head_size_og <= 256, "FlashAttention forward only supports head dimension at most 256");
    TORCH_CHECK(num_heads % num_heads_k == 0, "Number of heads in key/value must divide number of heads in query");

    CHECK_SHAPE(q, batch_size, seqlen_q, num_heads, head_size_og);
    CHECK_SHAPE(k, batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, head_size_og);
    CHECK_SHAPE(v, batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, head_size_og);

    at::Tensor q_padded, k_padded, v_padded;
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        q_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(q, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
        k_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(k, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
        v_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(v, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
    } else {
        q_padded = q;
        k_padded = k;
        v_padded = v;
    }

    at::Tensor out;
    if (out_.has_value()) {
        out = out_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(out.dtype() == q_dtype, "Output must have the same dtype as inputs");
        CHECK_DEVICE(out);
        TORCH_CHECK(out.stride(-1) == 1, "Output tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(out, batch_size, seqlen_q, num_heads, head_size_og);
        if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) { out = torch::empty_like(q_padded); }
    } else {
        out = torch::empty_like(q_padded);
    }

    auto round_multiple = [](int x, int m) { return (x + m - 1) / m * m; };
    const int head_size = round_multiple(head_size_og, 8);
    const int head_size_rounded = round_multiple(head_size, 32);
    const int seqlen_q_rounded = round_multiple(seqlen_q, 128);
    const int seqlen_k_rounded = round_multiple(seqlen_k, 128);

    // Otherwise the kernel will be launched from cuda:0 device
    // Cast to char to avoid compiler warning about narrowing
    at::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard{(char)q.get_device()};

    auto opts = q.options();

    auto softmax_lse = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
    at::Tensor p;
    // Only return softmax if there's dropout to reduce compilation time
    if (return_softmax) {
        TORCH_CHECK(p_dropout > 0.0f, "return_softmax is only supported when p_dropout > 0.0");
        p = torch::empty({ batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q_rounded, seqlen_k_rounded }, opts);
    }

    Flash_fwd_params params;
    set_params_fprop(params,
                     batch_size,
                     seqlen_q, seqlen_k,
                     seqlen_q_rounded, seqlen_k_rounded,
                     num_heads, num_heads_k,
                     head_size, head_size_rounded,
                     q_padded, k_padded, v_padded, out,
                     /*cu_seqlens_q_d=*/nullptr,
                     /*cu_seqlens_k_d=*/nullptr,
                     return_softmax ? p.data_ptr() : nullptr,
                     softmax_lse.data_ptr(),
                     p_dropout,
                     softmax_scale,
                     is_causal);

    // This needs to match with run_mha_fwd_splitkv_dispatch
    const int block_n = is_sm90 || is_sm8x
        ? (head_size <= 64 ? 256 : (head_size <= 160 ? 128 : 64))
        : (head_size <= 64 ? 256 : (head_size <= 128 ? 128 : 64));
    const int num_n_blocks = (seqlen_k + block_n - 1) / block_n;
    // Technically kBlockM = 64 only for the splitKV kernels, not the standard kernel.
    // In any case we don't expect seqlen_q to be larger than 64 for inference.
    const int num_m_blocks = (seqlen_q + 64 - 1) / 64;
    params.num_splits = 1;
    if (p_dropout == 0.0f) {  // SplitKV is not implemented for dropout
        params.num_splits = num_splits_heuristic(batch_size * num_heads * num_m_blocks, dprops->multiProcessorCount, num_n_blocks, 128);
        if (params.num_splits > 1) {
            at::Tensor softmax_lse_accum = torch::empty({params.num_splits, batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
            at::Tensor out_accum = torch::empty({params.num_splits, batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q, head_size_rounded}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
            params.softmax_lseaccum_ptr = softmax_lse_accum.data_ptr();
            params.oaccum_ptr = out_accum.data_ptr();
        }
    }

    // number of times random will be generated per thread, to offset philox counter in thc random
    // state
    // We use a custom RNG that increases the offset by batch_size * nheads * 32.
    int64_t counter_offset = params.b * params.h * 32;
    auto options = torch::TensorOptions().dtype(torch::kFloat32).device(torch::kCUDA);
    auto rng_state = torch::empty({2}, options.dtype(torch::kInt64));
    // Forward kernel will populate memory with the seed and offset.
    params.rng_state = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(rng_state.data_ptr());

    if (p_dropout > 0.0)  {
        auto gen = at::get_generator_or_default<at::CUDAGeneratorImpl>(
            gen_, at::cuda::detail::getDefaultCUDAGenerator());
        // See Note [Acquire lock when using random generators]
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(gen->mutex_);
        params.philox_args = gen->philox_cuda_state(counter_offset);
    }

    auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream().stream();
    run_mha_fwd(params, stream);

    at::Tensor out_padded = out;
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        out = out.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
        if (out_.has_value()) { out_.value().copy_(out); }
    }

    return {out, q_padded, k_padded, v_padded, out_padded, softmax_lse, p, rng_state};
}

std::vector<at::Tensor>
mha_varlen_fwd(const at::Tensor &q,  // total_q x num_heads x head_size, total_q := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               const at::Tensor &k,  // total_k x num_heads_k x head_size, total_k := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               const at::Tensor &v,  // total_k x num_heads_k x head_size, total_k := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               c10::optional<at::Tensor> &out_, // total_q x num_heads x head_size, total_k := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               const at::Tensor &cu_seqlens_q,  // b+1
               const at::Tensor &cu_seqlens_k,  // b+1
               const int max_seqlen_q,
               const int max_seqlen_k,
               const float p_dropout,
               const float softmax_scale,
               const bool zero_tensors,
               const bool is_causal,
               const bool return_softmax,
               c10::optional<at::Generator> gen_) {

    auto dprops = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties();
    // bool is_sm75 = dprops->major == 7 && dprops->minor == 5;
    bool is_sm8x = dprops->major == 8 && dprops->minor >= 0;
    bool is_sm90 = dprops->major == 9 && dprops->minor == 0;
    TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "FlashAttention only supports Ampere GPUs or newer.");
    // We will support Turing in the near future
    // TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x || is_sm75, "FlashAttention only supports Turing GPUs or newer.");

    auto q_dtype = q.dtype();
    TORCH_CHECK(q_dtype == torch::kFloat16 || q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16,
                "FlashAttention only support fp16 and bf16 data type");
    if (q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16) {
        TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "bfloat16 is only supported on Ampere GPUs or newer");
    }
    TORCH_CHECK(k.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and key must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(v.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and value must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(cu_seqlens_q.dtype() == torch::kInt32, "cu_seqlens_q must have dtype int32");
    TORCH_CHECK(cu_seqlens_k.dtype() == torch::kInt32, "cu_seqlens_k must have dtype int32");

    CHECK_DEVICE(q); CHECK_DEVICE(k); CHECK_DEVICE(v);
    CHECK_DEVICE(cu_seqlens_q);
    CHECK_DEVICE(cu_seqlens_k);

    TORCH_CHECK(q.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(k.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(v.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(cu_seqlens_q);
    CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(cu_seqlens_k);

    const auto sizes = q.sizes();

    const int total_q = sizes[0];
    const int batch_size = cu_seqlens_q.numel() - 1;
    const int num_heads = sizes[1];
    const int head_size_og = sizes[2];
    const int total_k = k.size(0);
    const int num_heads_k = k.size(1);
    TORCH_CHECK(batch_size > 0, "batch size must be positive");
    TORCH_CHECK(head_size_og <= 256, "FlashAttention forward only supports head dimension at most 256");
    TORCH_CHECK(num_heads % num_heads_k == 0, "Number of heads in key/value must divide number of heads in query");

    CHECK_SHAPE(q, total_q, num_heads, head_size_og);
    CHECK_SHAPE(k, total_k, num_heads_k, head_size_og);
    CHECK_SHAPE(v, total_k, num_heads_k, head_size_og);
    CHECK_SHAPE(cu_seqlens_q, batch_size + 1);
    CHECK_SHAPE(cu_seqlens_k, batch_size + 1);

    at::Tensor q_padded, k_padded, v_padded;
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        q_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(q, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
        k_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(k, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
        v_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(v, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
    } else {
        q_padded = q;
        k_padded = k;
        v_padded = v;
    }

    at::Tensor out;
    if (out_.has_value()) {
        out = out_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(out.dtype() == q_dtype, "Output must have the same dtype as inputs");
        CHECK_DEVICE(out);
        TORCH_CHECK(out.stride(-1) == 1, "Output tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(out, total_q, num_heads, head_size_og);
        if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) { out = torch::empty_like(q_padded); }
    } else {
        out = torch::empty_like(q_padded);
    }

    auto round_multiple = [](int x, int m) { return (x + m - 1) / m * m; };
    const int head_size = round_multiple(head_size_og, 8);
    const int head_size_rounded = round_multiple(head_size, 32);
    const int seqlen_q_rounded = round_multiple(max_seqlen_q, 128);
    const int seqlen_k_rounded = round_multiple(max_seqlen_k, 128);

    // Otherwise the kernel will be launched from cuda:0 device
    // Cast to char to avoid compiler warning about narrowing
    at::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard{(char)q.get_device()};

    auto opts = q.options();

    auto softmax_lse = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads, max_seqlen_q}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
    at::Tensor p;
    // Only return softmax if there's dropout to reduce compilation time
    if (return_softmax) {
        TORCH_CHECK(p_dropout > 0.0f, "return_softmax is only supported when p_dropout > 0.0");
        p = torch::empty({ batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q_rounded, seqlen_k_rounded }, opts);
    }

    if (zero_tensors) {
        out.zero_();
        softmax_lse.fill_(-std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());
        if (return_softmax) {p.zero_();}
    }

    Flash_fwd_params params;
    set_params_fprop(params,
                     batch_size,
                     max_seqlen_q, max_seqlen_k,
                     seqlen_q_rounded, seqlen_k_rounded,
                     num_heads, num_heads_k,
                     head_size, head_size_rounded,
                     q_padded, k_padded, v_padded, out,
                     cu_seqlens_q.data_ptr(),
                     cu_seqlens_k.data_ptr(),
                     return_softmax ? p.data_ptr() : nullptr,
                     softmax_lse.data_ptr(),
                     p_dropout,
                     softmax_scale,
                     is_causal);

    // number of times random will be generated per thread, to offset philox counter in thc random
    // state
    // We use a custom RNG that increases the offset by batch_size * nheads * 32.
    int64_t counter_offset = params.b * params.h * 32;
    auto options = torch::TensorOptions().dtype(torch::kFloat32).device(torch::kCUDA);
    auto rng_state = torch::empty({2}, options.dtype(torch::kInt64));
    // Forward kernel will populate memory with the seed and offset.
    params.rng_state = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(rng_state.data_ptr());

    if (p_dropout > 0.0)  {
        auto gen = at::get_generator_or_default<at::CUDAGeneratorImpl>(
            gen_, at::cuda::detail::getDefaultCUDAGenerator());
        // See Note [Acquire lock when using random generators]
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(gen->mutex_);
        params.philox_args = gen->philox_cuda_state(counter_offset);
    }

    auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream().stream();
    run_mha_fwd(params, stream);

    at::Tensor out_padded = out;
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        out = out.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
        if (out_.has_value()) { out_.value().copy_(out); }
    }

    return {out, q_padded, k_padded, v_padded, out_padded, softmax_lse, p, rng_state};
}

void run_mha_bwd(Flash_bwd_params &params, cudaStream_t stream, const bool configure) {
    FP16_SWITCH(!params.is_bf16, [&] {
        if (params.d <= 32) {
            run_mha_bwd_<elem_type, 32>(params, stream, configure);
        } else if (params.d <= 64) {
            run_mha_bwd_<elem_type, 64>(params, stream, configure);
        } else if (params.d <= 96) {
            run_mha_bwd_<elem_type, 96>(params, stream, configure);
        } else if (params.d <= 128) {
            run_mha_bwd_<elem_type, 128>(params, stream, configure);
        } else if (params.d <= 160) {
            run_mha_bwd_<elem_type, 160>(params, stream, configure);
        } else if (params.d <= 192) {
            run_mha_bwd_<elem_type, 192>(params, stream, configure);
        } else if (params.d <= 224) {
          run_mha_bwd_<elem_type, 224>(params, stream, configure);
        } else if (params.d <= 256) {
          run_mha_bwd_<elem_type, 256>(params, stream, configure);
        }
    });
}

std::vector<at::Tensor>
mha_bwd(const at::Tensor &dout,  // batch_size x seqlen_q x num_heads, x head_size_og
        const at::Tensor &q,   // batch_size x seqlen_q x num_heads x head_size
        const at::Tensor &k,   // batch_size x seqlen_k x num_heads_k x head_size
        const at::Tensor &v,   // batch_size x seqlen_k x num_heads_k x head_size
        const at::Tensor &out,   // batch_size x seqlen_q x num_heads x head_size
        const at::Tensor &softmax_lse,     // b x h x seqlen_q
        c10::optional<at::Tensor> &dq_,   // batch_size x seqlen_q x num_heads x head_size
        c10::optional<at::Tensor> &dk_,   // batch_size x seqlen_k x num_heads_k x head_size
        c10::optional<at::Tensor> &dv_,   // batch_size x seqlen_k x num_heads_k x head_size
        const float p_dropout,         // probability to drop
        const float softmax_scale,
        const bool is_causal,
        c10::optional<at::Generator> gen_,
        c10::optional<at::Tensor> &rng_state) {
    auto dprops = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties();
    // bool is_sm75 = dprops->major == 7 && dprops->minor == 5;
    bool is_sm8x = dprops->major == 8 && dprops->minor >= 0;
    bool is_sm80 = dprops->major == 8 && dprops->minor == 0;
    bool is_sm90 = dprops->major == 9 && dprops->minor == 0;
    TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "FlashAttention only supports Ampere GPUs or newer.");
    // We will support Turing in the near future
    // TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x || is_sm75, "FlashAttention only supports Turing GPUs or newer.");

    bool is_dropout = p_dropout > 0.0;
    auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream().stream();

    auto q_dtype = q.dtype();
    TORCH_CHECK(q_dtype == torch::kFloat16 || q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16,
                "FlashAttention only support fp16 and bf16 data type");
    if (q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16) {
        TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "bfloat16 is only supported on Ampere GPUs or newer");
    }
    TORCH_CHECK(k.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and key must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(v.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and value must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(out.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and out must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(dout.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and dout must have the same dtype");

    CHECK_DEVICE(q); CHECK_DEVICE(k); CHECK_DEVICE(v);
    CHECK_DEVICE(out); CHECK_DEVICE(dout); CHECK_DEVICE(softmax_lse);

    TORCH_CHECK(q.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(k.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(v.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(out.stride(-1) == 1, "out tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(dout.stride(-1) == 1, "dout tensor must have contiguous last dimension");

    const auto sizes = q.sizes();

    const int batch_size = sizes[0];
    const int seqlen_q = sizes[1];
    const int num_heads = sizes[2];
    const int head_size_og = dout.size(3);
    const int head_size = sizes[3];
    const int seqlen_k = k.size(1);
    const int num_heads_k = k.size(2);
    TORCH_CHECK(batch_size > 0, "batch size must be positive");
    TORCH_CHECK(head_size % 8 == 0, "head_size should be a multiple of 8");
    TORCH_CHECK(head_size <= 256, "FlashAttention backward only supports head dimension at most 256");
    if (head_size > 192) {
        TORCH_CHECK(is_sm80 || is_sm90, "FlashAttention backward for head dim > 192 requires A100/A800 or H100/H800");
    }
    TORCH_CHECK(num_heads % num_heads_k == 0, "Number of heads in key/value must divide number of heads in query");

    auto round_multiple = [](int x, int m) { return (x + m - 1) / m * m; };
    const int head_size_rounded = round_multiple(head_size, 32);
    const int seqlen_q_rounded = round_multiple(seqlen_q, 128);
    const int seqlen_k_rounded = round_multiple(seqlen_k, 128);

    TORCH_CHECK(head_size == round_multiple(head_size_og, 8), "head_size must be head_size_og rounded to a multiple of 8");

    CHECK_SHAPE(q, batch_size, seqlen_q, num_heads, head_size);
    CHECK_SHAPE(k, batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, head_size);
    CHECK_SHAPE(v, batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, head_size);
    CHECK_SHAPE(out, batch_size, seqlen_q, num_heads, head_size);
    CHECK_SHAPE(dout, batch_size, seqlen_q, num_heads, head_size_og);

    at::Tensor dq, dk, dv;
    if (dq_.has_value()) {
        dq = dq_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(dq.dtype() == q_dtype, "dq must have the same dtype as q");
        CHECK_DEVICE(dq);
        TORCH_CHECK(dq.stride(-1) == 1, "dq must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(dq, batch_size, seqlen_q, num_heads, head_size);
    } else {
        dq = torch::empty_like(q);
    }
    if (dk_.has_value()) {
        dk = dk_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(dk.dtype() == q_dtype, "dk must have the same dtype as q");
        CHECK_DEVICE(dk);
        TORCH_CHECK(dk.stride(-1) == 1, "dk must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(dk, batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, head_size);
    } else {
        dk = torch::empty_like(k);
    }
    if (dv_.has_value()) {
        dv = dv_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(dv.dtype() == q_dtype, "dv must have the same dtype as q");
        CHECK_DEVICE(dv);
        TORCH_CHECK(dv.stride(-1) == 1, "dv must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(dv, batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, head_size);
    } else {
        dv = torch::empty_like(k);
    }

    at::Tensor dout_padded;
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        dout_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(dout, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
    } else {
        dout_padded = dout;
    }

    // bool loop = seqlen_k > blocksize_c;
    // TODO: change later, for now set to true for simplicity
    bool loop = true;

    // Otherwise the kernel will be launched from cuda:0 device
    // Cast to char to avoid compiler warning about narrowing
    at::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard{(char)q.get_device()};

    auto opts = q.options();
    auto softmax_d = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q_rounded}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
    at::Tensor dq_accum;
    at::Tensor dk_accum, dv_accum;
    if (loop) {
        dq_accum = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q_rounded, head_size_rounded}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
        // dk_accum = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads_k, seqlen_k_rounded, head_size_rounded}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
        // dv_accum = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads_k, seqlen_k_rounded, head_size_rounded}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
    }

    at::Tensor dk_expanded, dv_expanded;
    if (num_heads_k != num_heads) {  // MQA / GQA
        dk_expanded = torch::empty({batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads, head_size}, opts);
        dv_expanded = torch::empty({batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads, head_size}, opts);
    } else {
        dk_expanded = dk;
        dv_expanded = dv;
    }

    Flash_bwd_params params;

    set_params_dgrad(params,
                     batch_size,
                     seqlen_q, seqlen_k,
                     seqlen_q_rounded, seqlen_k_rounded,
                     num_heads, num_heads_k,
                     head_size, head_size_rounded,
                     q, k, v, out,
                     dout_padded, dq, dk_expanded, dv_expanded,
                     nullptr,
                     nullptr,
                     loop ? dq_accum.data_ptr() : nullptr,
                     // loop ? dk_accum.data_ptr() : nullptr,
                     // loop ? dv_accum.data_ptr() : nullptr,
                     nullptr,
                     nullptr,
                     softmax_lse.data_ptr(),
                     softmax_d.data_ptr(),
                     p_dropout,
                     softmax_scale,
                     is_causal);

    auto launch = &run_mha_bwd;
    // launch(params, stream, /*configure=*/true);

    auto gen = at::get_generator_or_default<at::CUDAGeneratorImpl>(
        gen_, at::cuda::detail::getDefaultCUDAGenerator());

    // We use a custom RNG that increases the offset by batch_size * nheads * 32.
    int64_t counter_offset = params.b * params.h * 32;

    if ( rng_state.has_value() ) {
        params.rng_state = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(rng_state.value().data_ptr());
    } else if( is_dropout ) {
        // See Note [Acquire lock when using random generators]
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(gen->mutex_);
        params.philox_args = gen->philox_cuda_state(counter_offset);
        auto seeds = at::cuda::philox::unpack(params.philox_args);
        params.rng_state[0] = std::get<0>(seeds);
        params.rng_state[1] = std::get<1>(seeds);
    }

    launch(params, stream, /*configure=*/false);

    // For MQA/GQA we need to sum dK and dV across the groups
    if (num_heads_k != num_heads) {
        at::sum_out(dk, at::reshape(dk_expanded, {batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, num_heads / num_heads_k, head_size}), {3});
        at::sum_out(dv, at::reshape(dv_expanded, {batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, num_heads / num_heads_k, head_size}), {3});
    }
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        dq = dq.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
        dk = dk.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
        dv = dv.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
    }

    return { dq, dk, dv, softmax_d };
}

std::vector<at::Tensor>
mha_varlen_bwd(const at::Tensor &dout,  // total_q x num_heads, x head_size
               const at::Tensor &q,   // total_q x num_heads x head_size, total_q := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               const at::Tensor &k,   // total_k x num_heads_k x head_size, total_k := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               const at::Tensor &v,   // total_k x num_heads_k x head_size, total_k := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               const at::Tensor &out,   // total_q x num_heads x head_size
               const at::Tensor &softmax_lse,     // b x h x s   softmax logsumexp
               c10::optional<at::Tensor> &dq_,   // total_q x num_heads x head_size, total_q := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               c10::optional<at::Tensor> &dk_,   // total_k x num_heads_k x head_size, total_k := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               c10::optional<at::Tensor> &dv_,   // total_k x num_heads_k x head_size, total_k := \sum_{i=0}^{b} s_i
               const at::Tensor &cu_seqlens_q,  // b+1
               const at::Tensor &cu_seqlens_k,  // b+1
               const int max_seqlen_q,
               const int max_seqlen_k,          // max sequence length to choose the kernel
               const float p_dropout,         // probability to drop
               const float softmax_scale,
               const bool zero_tensors,
               const bool is_causal,
               c10::optional<at::Generator> gen_,
               c10::optional<at::Tensor> &rng_state
) {
    auto dprops = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties();
    // bool is_sm75 = dprops->major == 7 && dprops->minor == 5;
    bool is_sm8x = dprops->major == 8 && dprops->minor >= 0;
    bool is_sm80 = dprops->major == 8 && dprops->minor == 0;
    bool is_sm90 = dprops->major == 9 && dprops->minor == 0;
    TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "FlashAttention only supports Ampere GPUs or newer.");
    // We will support Turing in the near future
    // TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x || is_sm75, "FlashAttention only supports Turing GPUs or newer.");
    bool is_dropout = p_dropout > 0.0;
    auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream().stream();

    auto q_dtype = q.dtype();
    TORCH_CHECK(q_dtype == torch::kFloat16 || q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16,
                "FlashAttention only support fp16 and bf16 data type");
    if (q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16) {
        TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "bfloat16 is only supported on Ampere GPUs or newer");
    }
    TORCH_CHECK(k.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and key must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(v.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and value must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(out.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and out must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(dout.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and dout must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(cu_seqlens_q.dtype() == torch::kInt32, "cu_seqlens_q must have dtype int32");
    TORCH_CHECK(cu_seqlens_k.dtype() == torch::kInt32, "cu_seqlens_k must have dtype int32");

    CHECK_DEVICE(q); CHECK_DEVICE(k); CHECK_DEVICE(v);
    CHECK_DEVICE(out); CHECK_DEVICE(dout); CHECK_DEVICE(softmax_lse);
    CHECK_DEVICE(cu_seqlens_q); CHECK_DEVICE(cu_seqlens_k);

    TORCH_CHECK(q.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(k.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(v.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(out.stride(-1) == 1, "out tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(dout.stride(-1) == 1, "dout tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(cu_seqlens_q);
    CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(cu_seqlens_k);

    const auto sizes = q.sizes();

    const int total_q = sizes[0];
    const int batch_size = cu_seqlens_q.numel() - 1;
    const int num_heads = sizes[1];
    const int head_size_og = dout.size(2);
    const int head_size = sizes[2];
    const int total_k = k.size(0);
    const int num_heads_k = k.size(1);
    TORCH_CHECK(batch_size > 0, "batch size must be positive");
    TORCH_CHECK(head_size % 8 == 0, "head_size should be a multiple of 8");
    TORCH_CHECK(head_size <= 256, "FlashAttention backward only supports head dimension at most 256");
    if (head_size > 192) {
        TORCH_CHECK(is_sm80 || is_sm90, "FlashAttention backward for head dim > 192 requires A100/A800 or H100/H800");
    }
    TORCH_CHECK(num_heads % num_heads_k == 0, "Number of heads in key/value must divide number of heads in query");

    auto round_multiple = [](int x, int m) { return (x + m - 1) / m * m; };
    const int head_size_rounded = round_multiple(head_size, 32);
    const int seqlen_q_rounded = round_multiple(max_seqlen_q, 128);
    const int seqlen_k_rounded = round_multiple(max_seqlen_k, 128);

    TORCH_CHECK(head_size == round_multiple(head_size_og, 8), "head_size must be head_size_og rounded to a multiple of 8");

    CHECK_SHAPE(q, total_q, num_heads, head_size);
    CHECK_SHAPE(k, total_k, num_heads_k, head_size);
    CHECK_SHAPE(v, total_k, num_heads_k, head_size);
    CHECK_SHAPE(out, total_q, num_heads, head_size);
    CHECK_SHAPE(dout, total_q, num_heads, head_size_og);
    CHECK_SHAPE(cu_seqlens_q, batch_size + 1);
    CHECK_SHAPE(cu_seqlens_k, batch_size + 1);

    at::Tensor dq, dk, dv;
    if (dq_.has_value()) {
        dq = dq_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(dq.dtype() == q_dtype, "dq must have the same dtype as q");
        CHECK_DEVICE(dq);
        TORCH_CHECK(dq.stride(-1) == 1, "dq must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(dq, total_q, num_heads, head_size);
    } else {
        dq = torch::empty_like(q);
    }
    if (dk_.has_value()) {
        dk = dk_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(dk.dtype() == q_dtype, "dk must have the same dtype as q");
        CHECK_DEVICE(dk);
        TORCH_CHECK(dk.stride(-1) == 1, "dk must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(dk, total_k, num_heads_k, head_size);
    } else {
        dk = torch::empty_like(k);
    }
    if (dv_.has_value()) {
        dv = dv_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(dv.dtype() == q_dtype, "dv must have the same dtype as q");
        CHECK_DEVICE(dv);
        TORCH_CHECK(dv.stride(-1) == 1, "dv must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(dv, total_k, num_heads_k, head_size);
    } else {
        dv = torch::empty_like(k);
    }

    at::Tensor dout_padded;
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        dout_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(dout, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
    } else {
        dout_padded = dout;
    }

    // bool loop = max_seqlen_k > blocksize_c;
    // TODO: change later, for now set to true for simplicity
    bool loop = true;

    // Otherwise the kernel will be launched from cuda:0 device
    // Cast to char to avoid compiler warning about narrowing
    at::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard{(char)q.get_device()};

    auto opts = q.options();
    auto softmax_d = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q_rounded}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
    at::Tensor dq_accum;
    if (loop) {
        dq_accum = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q_rounded, head_size_rounded}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
    }

    at::Tensor dk_expanded, dv_expanded;
    if (num_heads_k != num_heads) {  // MQA / GQA
        dk_expanded = torch::empty({total_k, num_heads, head_size}, opts);
        dv_expanded = torch::empty({total_k, num_heads, head_size}, opts);
    } else {
        dk_expanded = dk;
        dv_expanded = dv;
    }

    if( zero_tensors ) {
        dq.zero_();
        dk_expanded.zero_();
        dv_expanded.zero_();
        softmax_d.zero_();
    }

    Flash_bwd_params params;

    set_params_dgrad(params,
                     batch_size,
                     max_seqlen_q, max_seqlen_k,
                     seqlen_q_rounded, seqlen_k_rounded,
                     num_heads, num_heads_k,
                     head_size, head_size_rounded,
                     q, k, v, out,
                     dout_padded, dq, dk_expanded, dv_expanded,
                     cu_seqlens_q.data_ptr(),
                     cu_seqlens_k.data_ptr(),
                     loop ? dq_accum.data_ptr() : nullptr,
                     nullptr,
                     nullptr,
                     softmax_lse.data_ptr(),
                     softmax_d.data_ptr(),
                     p_dropout,
                     softmax_scale,
                     is_causal);

    auto launch = &run_mha_bwd;
    // launch(params, stream, /*configure=*/true);

    auto gen = at::get_generator_or_default<at::CUDAGeneratorImpl>(
        gen_, at::cuda::detail::getDefaultCUDAGenerator());

    // We use a custom RNG that increases the offset by batch_size * nheads * 32.
    int64_t counter_offset = params.b * params.h * 32;

    if ( rng_state.has_value() ) {
        params.rng_state = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(rng_state.value().data_ptr());
    } else if( is_dropout ) {
        // See Note [Acquire lock when using random generators]
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(gen->mutex_);
        params.philox_args = gen->philox_cuda_state(counter_offset);
        auto seeds = at::cuda::philox::unpack(params.philox_args);
        params.rng_state[0] = std::get<0>(seeds);
        params.rng_state[1] = std::get<1>(seeds);
    }

    launch(params, stream, /*configure=*/false);

    // For MQA/GQA we need to sum dK and dV across the groups
    if (num_heads_k != num_heads) {
        at::sum_out(dk, at::reshape(dk_expanded, {total_k, num_heads_k, num_heads / num_heads_k, head_size}), {2});
        at::sum_out(dv, at::reshape(dv_expanded, {total_k, num_heads_k, num_heads / num_heads_k, head_size}), {2});
    }
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        dq = dq.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
        dk = dk.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
        dv = dv.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
    }

    return { dq, dk, dv, softmax_d };
}

std::vector<at::Tensor>
mha_fwd_kvcache(at::Tensor &q,                 // batch_size x seqlen_q x num_heads x head_size
                const at::Tensor &kcache,            // batch_size x seqlen_k x num_heads_k x head_size
                const at::Tensor &vcache,            // batch_size x seqlen_k x num_heads_k x head_size
                c10::optional<const at::Tensor> &k_, // batch_size x seqlen_knew x num_heads_k x head_size
                c10::optional<const at::Tensor> &v_, // batch_size x seqlen_knew x num_heads_k x head_size
                c10::optional<const at::Tensor> &seqlens_k_, // batch_size
                c10::optional<const at::Tensor> &rotary_cos_, // seqlen_ro x (rotary_dim / 2)
                c10::optional<const at::Tensor> &rotary_sin_, // seqlen_ro x (rotary_dim / 2)
                c10::optional<at::Tensor> &out_,             // batch_size x seqlen_q x num_heads x head_size
                const float softmax_scale,
                bool is_causal,
                bool is_rotary_interleaved,   // if true, rotary combines indices 0 & 1, else indices 0 & rotary_dim / 2
                int num_splits
                ) {

    auto dprops = at::cuda::getCurrentDeviceProperties();
    // bool is_sm75 = dprops->major == 7 && dprops->minor == 5;
    bool is_sm8x = dprops->major == 8 && dprops->minor >= 0;
    bool is_sm90 = dprops->major == 9 && dprops->minor == 0;
    TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "FlashAttention only supports Ampere GPUs or newer.");
    // We will support Turing in the near future
    // TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x || is_sm75, "FlashAttention only supports Turing GPUs or newer.");

    auto q_dtype = q.dtype();
    TORCH_CHECK(q_dtype == torch::kFloat16 || q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16,
                "FlashAttention only support fp16 and bf16 data type");
    if (q_dtype == torch::kBFloat16) {
        TORCH_CHECK(is_sm90 || is_sm8x, "bfloat16 is only supported on Ampere GPUs or newer");
    }
    TORCH_CHECK(kcache.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and key must have the same dtype");
    TORCH_CHECK(vcache.dtype() == q_dtype, "query and value must have the same dtype");

    CHECK_DEVICE(q); CHECK_DEVICE(kcache); CHECK_DEVICE(vcache);

    TORCH_CHECK(q.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(kcache.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
    TORCH_CHECK(vcache.stride(-1) == 1, "Input tensor must have contiguous last dimension");

    const auto sizes = q.sizes();

    const int batch_size = sizes[0];
    int seqlen_q = sizes[1];
    int num_heads = sizes[2];
    const int head_size_og = sizes[3];
    const int seqlen_k = kcache.size(1);
    const int num_heads_k = kcache.size(2);
    TORCH_CHECK(batch_size > 0, "batch size must be postive");
    TORCH_CHECK(head_size_og <= 256, "FlashAttention forward only supports head dimension at most 256");
    TORCH_CHECK(num_heads % num_heads_k == 0, "Number of heads in key/value must divide number of heads in query");

    if (seqlen_q == 1) { is_causal = false; }  // causal=true is the same as causal=false in this case

    // Faster to transpose q from (b, 1, h, d) to (b, h, 1, d) in this case
    const int seqlenq_nheads_swapped = seqlen_q == 1 && num_heads_k == 1 && num_heads > 1;
    if (seqlenq_nheads_swapped) {
        q = q.transpose(1, 2);
        std::swap(seqlen_q, num_heads);
    }

    CHECK_SHAPE(q, batch_size, seqlen_q, num_heads, head_size_og);
    CHECK_SHAPE(kcache, batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, head_size_og);
    CHECK_SHAPE(vcache, batch_size, seqlen_k, num_heads_k, head_size_og);

    at::Tensor q_padded, kcache_padded, vcache_padded;
    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        q_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(q, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
        kcache_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(kcache, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
        vcache_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(vcache, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
    } else {
        q_padded = q;
        kcache_padded = kcache;
        vcache_padded = vcache;
    }

    at::Tensor out;
    if (out_.has_value()) {
        out = out_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(out.dtype() == q_dtype, "Output must have the same dtype as inputs");
        CHECK_DEVICE(out);
        TORCH_CHECK(out.stride(-1) == 1, "Output tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
        CHECK_SHAPE(out, batch_size, seqlen_q, num_heads, head_size_og);
        if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) { out = torch::empty_like(q_padded); }
    } else {
        out = torch::empty_like(q_padded);
    }

    auto round_multiple = [](int x, int m) { return (x + m - 1) / m * m; };
    const int head_size = round_multiple(head_size_og, 8);
    const int head_size_rounded = round_multiple(head_size, 32);
    const int seqlen_q_rounded = round_multiple(seqlen_q, 128);
    const int seqlen_k_rounded = round_multiple(seqlen_k, 128);

    // Otherwise the kernel will be launched from cuda:0 device
    // Cast to char to avoid compiler warning about narrowing
    at::cuda::CUDAGuard device_guard{(char)q.get_device()};

    auto opts = q.options();

    auto softmax_lse = torch::empty({batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));

    Flash_fwd_params params;
    set_params_fprop(params,
                     batch_size,
                     seqlen_q, seqlen_k,
                     seqlen_q_rounded, seqlen_k_rounded,
                     num_heads, num_heads_k,
                     head_size, head_size_rounded,
                     q_padded, kcache_padded, vcache_padded, out,
                     /*cu_seqlens_q_d=*/nullptr,
                     /*cu_seqlens_k_d=*/nullptr,
                     /*p_ptr=*/nullptr,
                     softmax_lse.data_ptr(),
                     /*p_dropout=*/0.f,
                     softmax_scale,
                     is_causal);

    at::Tensor k, v, k_padded, v_padded;
    if (k_.has_value()) {
        TORCH_CHECK(v_.has_value(), "If key is supplied, value must also be passed in");
        TORCH_CHECK(seqlens_k_.has_value(), "If key is supplied, seqlens_k must also be passed in");
        TORCH_CHECK(seqlen_q <= seqlen_k, "If key is supplied, it must have seqlen <= the seqlen of the KV cache");
        k = k_.value();
        v = v_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(k.dtype() == q_dtype, "Key must have the same dtype as query");
        TORCH_CHECK(v.dtype() == q_dtype, "Value must have the same dtype as query");
        CHECK_DEVICE(k); CHECK_DEVICE(v);
        TORCH_CHECK(k.stride(-1) == 1, "Key tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
        TORCH_CHECK(v.stride(-1) == 1, "Value tensor must have contiguous last dimension");
        int seqlen_knew = k.size(1);
        CHECK_SHAPE(k, batch_size, seqlen_knew, num_heads_k, head_size_og);
        CHECK_SHAPE(v, batch_size, seqlen_knew, num_heads_k, head_size_og);
        if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
            k_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(k, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
            v_padded = torch::nn::functional::pad(v, torch::nn::functional::PadFuncOptions({0, 8 - head_size_og % 8}));
        } else {
            k_padded = k;
            v_padded = v;
        }
        params.seqlen_knew = seqlen_knew;
        params.knew_ptr = k_padded.data_ptr();
        params.vnew_ptr = v_padded.data_ptr();
        // All stride are in elements, not bytes.
        params.knew_batch_stride = k_padded.stride(0);
        params.vnew_batch_stride = v_padded.stride(0);
        params.knew_row_stride = k_padded.stride(-3);
        params.vnew_row_stride = v_padded.stride(-3);
        params.knew_head_stride = k_padded.stride(-2);
        params.vnew_head_stride = v_padded.stride(-2);
    }

    if (seqlens_k_.has_value()) {
        auto seqlens_k = seqlens_k_.value();
        TORCH_CHECK(seqlens_k.dtype() == torch::kInt32, "seqlens_k must have dtype int32");
        CHECK_DEVICE(seqlens_k);
        CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(seqlens_k);
        CHECK_SHAPE(seqlens_k, batch_size);
        params.cu_seqlens_k = static_cast<int *>(seqlens_k.data_ptr());
    }
    params.is_seqlens_k_cumulative = !(seqlens_k_.has_value());

    if (rotary_cos_.has_value()) {
        TORCH_CHECK(k_.has_value(), "If rotary cos/sin are provided, new key / value to be appended to KV cache must also be provided");
        auto rotary_cos = rotary_cos_.value();
        CHECK_DEVICE(rotary_cos);
        params.rotary_dim = rotary_cos.size(1) * 2;
        TORCH_CHECK(params.rotary_dim <= head_size, "rotary_dim must be <= headdim");
        TORCH_CHECK(params.rotary_dim % 16 == 0, "Only rotary dimensions divisible by 16 are currently supported");
        const int seqlen_ro = rotary_cos.size(0);
        TORCH_CHECK(seqlen_ro >= seqlen_k, "cos/sin seqlen must be at least the seqlen of KV cache");
        CHECK_SHAPE(rotary_cos, seqlen_ro, params.rotary_dim / 2);
        CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(rotary_cos);
        TORCH_CHECK(rotary_cos.scalar_type() == q_dtype, "rotary_cos must have the same dtype as query");

        TORCH_CHECK(rotary_sin_.has_value(), "If rotary cos is provided, rotary sin must also be provided");
        auto rotary_sin = rotary_sin_.value();
        CHECK_DEVICE(rotary_sin);
        CHECK_SHAPE(rotary_sin, seqlen_ro, params.rotary_dim / 2);
        CHECK_CONTIGUOUS(rotary_sin);
        TORCH_CHECK(rotary_sin.scalar_type() == q_dtype, "rotary_cos must have the same dtype as query");
        params.rotary_cos_ptr = rotary_cos.data_ptr();
        params.rotary_sin_ptr = rotary_sin.data_ptr();
        params.is_rotary_interleaved = is_rotary_interleaved;
    } else {
        params.rotary_dim = 0;
    }


    // This needs to match with run_mha_fwd_splitkv_dispatch
    const int block_n = is_sm90 || is_sm8x
        ? (head_size <= 64 ? 256 : (head_size <= 160 ? 128 : 64))
        : (head_size <= 64 ? 256 : (head_size <= 128 ? 128 : 64));
    const int num_n_blocks = (seqlen_k + (params.knew_ptr == nullptr ? 0 : seqlen_q) + block_n - 1) / block_n;
    // Technically kBlockM = 64 only for the splitKV kernels, not the standard kernel.
    // In any case we don't expect seqlen_q to be larger than 64 for inference.
    const int num_m_blocks = (seqlen_q + 64 - 1) / 64;
    params.num_splits = num_splits;
    if (num_splits < 1) {
        params.num_splits = num_splits_heuristic(batch_size * num_heads * num_m_blocks, dprops->multiProcessorCount, num_n_blocks, 128);
    }
    if (params.num_splits > 1) {
        at::Tensor softmax_lse_accum = torch::empty({params.num_splits, batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
        at::Tensor out_accum = torch::empty({params.num_splits, batch_size, num_heads, seqlen_q, head_size_rounded}, opts.dtype(at::kFloat));
        params.softmax_lseaccum_ptr = softmax_lse_accum.data_ptr();
        params.oaccum_ptr = out_accum.data_ptr();
    }

    auto stream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream().stream();
    // Only split kernel supports appending to KV cache
    run_mha_fwd(params, stream, /*force_split_kernel=*/k_.has_value());

    if (head_size_og % 8 != 0) {
        out = out.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)});
        if (out_.has_value()) { out_.value().copy_(out); }
        if (k_.has_value()) {
            // It's expensive to copy the KV cache here for the case where head size not divisible by 8,
            // but we don't expect to get this case in practice. This is just so that the code works for that case.
            kcache.copy_(kcache_padded.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)}));
            vcache.copy_(vcache_padded.index({"...", torch::indexing::Slice(torch::indexing::None, head_size_og)}));
        }
    }

    if (seqlenq_nheads_swapped) {
        out = out.transpose(1, 2);
        softmax_lse = softmax_lse.transpose(1, 2);
    }
    return {out, softmax_lse};
}

PYBIND11_MODULE(TORCH_EXTENSION_NAME, m) {
    m.doc() = "FlashAttention";
    m.def("fwd", &mha_fwd, "Forward pass");
    m.def("varlen_fwd", &mha_varlen_fwd, "Forward pass (variable length)");
    m.def("bwd", &mha_bwd, "Backward pass");
    m.def("varlen_bwd", &mha_varlen_bwd, "Backward pass (variable length)");
    m.def("fwd_kvcache", &mha_fwd_kvcache, "Forward pass, with KV-cache");
}