aphrodite-engine/kernels/moe/marlin_moe_ops.cu

/*
 * Modified by Neural Magic
 * Copyright (C) Marlin.2024 Elias Frantar
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
#include <torch/all.h>
#include <ATen/cuda/CUDAContext.h>
#include <c10/cuda/CUDAGuard.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_fp16.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
inline std::string str(T x) {
  return std::to_string(x);
}
namespace marlin_moe {
constexpr int ceildiv(int a, int b) { return (a + b - 1) / b; }
#if defined(__CUDA_ARCH__) && __CUDA_ARCH__ >= 800
// Instances of `Vec` are used to organize groups of >>registers<<, as needed
// for instance as inputs to tensor core operations. Consequently, all
// corresponding index accesses must be compile-time constants, which is why we
// extensively use `#pragma unroll` throughout the kernel code to guarantee
// this.
template <typename T, int n>
struct Vec {
  T elems[n];
  __device__ T& operator[](int i) { return elems[i]; }
};
using I4 = Vec<int, 4>;
// Matrix fragments for tensor core instructions; their precise layout is
// documented here:
// https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/parallel-thread-execution/index.html#matrix-fragments-for-mma-m16n8k16-with-floating-point-type
using FragA = Vec<half2, 4>;
using FragB = Vec<half2, 2>;
using FragC = Vec<float, 4>;
using FragS = Vec<half2, 1>;  // quantization scales
// Predicated asynchronous global->shared copy; used for inputs A where we apply
// predication to handle batchsizes that are not multiples of 16.
__device__ inline void cp_async4_pred(void* smem_ptr, const void* glob_ptr,
                                      bool pred = true) {
  const int BYTES = 16;
  uint32_t smem = static_cast<uint32_t>(__cvta_generic_to_shared(smem_ptr));
  asm volatile(
      "{\n"
      "   .reg .pred p;\n"
      "   setp.ne.b32 p, %0, 0;\n"
      "   @p cp.async.cg.shared.global [%1], [%2], %3;\n"
      "}\n" ::"r"((int)pred),
      "r"(smem), "l"(glob_ptr), "n"(BYTES));
}
// Asynchronous global->shared copy
__device__ inline void cp_async4(void* smem_ptr, const void* glob_ptr) {
  const int BYTES = 16;
  uint32_t smem = static_cast<uint32_t>(__cvta_generic_to_shared(smem_ptr));
  asm volatile(
      "{\n"
      "   cp.async.cg.shared.global [%0], [%1], %2;\n"
      "}\n" ::"r"(smem),
      "l"(glob_ptr), "n"(BYTES));
}
// Async copy fence.
__device__ inline void cp_async_fence() {
  asm volatile("cp.async.commit_group;\n" ::);
}
// Wait until at most `n` async copy stages are still pending.
template <int n>
__device__ inline void cp_async_wait() {
  asm volatile("cp.async.wait_group %0;\n" ::"n"(n));
}
// m16n8k16 tensor core mma instruction with fp16 inputs and fp32
// output/accumulation.
__device__ inline void mma(const FragA& a_frag, const FragB& frag_b,
                           FragC& frag_c) {
  const uint32_t* a = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(&a_frag);
  const uint32_t* b = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(&frag_b);
  float* c = reinterpret_cast<float*>(&frag_c);
  asm volatile(
      "mma.sync.aligned.m16n8k16.row.col.f32.f16.f16.f32 "
      "{%0,%1,%2,%3}, {%4,%5,%6,%7}, {%8,%9}, {%10,%11,%12,%13};\n"
      : "=f"(c[0]), "=f"(c[1]), "=f"(c[2]), "=f"(c[3])
      : "r"(a[0]), "r"(a[1]), "r"(a[2]), "r"(a[3]), "r"(b[0]), "r"(b[1]),
        "f"(c[0]), "f"(c[1]), "f"(c[2]), "f"(c[3]));
}
// Instruction for loading a full 16x16 matrix fragment of operand A from shared
// memory, directly in tensor core layout.
__device__ inline void ldsm4(FragA& frag_a, const void* smem_ptr) {
  uint32_t* a = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(&frag_a);
  uint32_t smem = static_cast<uint32_t>(__cvta_generic_to_shared(smem_ptr));
  asm volatile("ldmatrix.sync.aligned.m8n8.x4.shared.b16 {%0,%1,%2,%3}, [%4];\n"
               : "=r"(a[0]), "=r"(a[1]), "=r"(a[2]), "=r"(a[3])
               : "r"(smem));
}
// Lookup-table based 3-input logical operation; explicitly used for
// dequantization as the compiler does not seem to automatically recognize it in
// all cases.
template <int lut>
__device__ inline int lop3(int a, int b, int c) {
  int res;
  asm volatile("lop3.b32 %0, %1, %2, %3, %4;\n"
               : "=r"(res)
               : "r"(a), "r"(b), "r"(c), "n"(lut));
  return res;
}
// Efficiently dequantize an int32 value into a full B-fragment of 4 fp16
// values. We mostly follow the strategy in the link below, with some small
// changes:
// https://github.com/NVIDIA/FasterTransformer/blob/main/src/fastertransformer/cutlass_extensions/include/cutlass_extensions/interleaved_numeric_conversion.h
__device__ inline FragB dequant(int q) {
  const int LO = 0x000f000f;
  const int HI = 0x00f000f0;
  const int EX = 0x64006400;
  // Guarantee that the `(a & b) | c` operations are LOP3s.
  int lo = lop3<(0xf0 & 0xcc) | 0xaa>(q, LO, EX);
  int hi = lop3<(0xf0 & 0xcc) | 0xaa>(q, HI, EX);
  // We want signed int4 outputs, hence we fuse the `-8` symmetric zero point
  // directly into `SUB` and `ADD`.
  const int SUB = 0x64086408;
  const int MUL = 0x2c002c00;
  const int ADD = 0xd480d480;
  FragB frag_b;
  frag_b[0] = __hsub2(*reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&lo),
                      *reinterpret_cast<const half2*>(&SUB));
  frag_b[1] = __hfma2(*reinterpret_cast<half2*>(&hi),
                      *reinterpret_cast<const half2*>(&MUL),
                      *reinterpret_cast<const half2*>(&ADD));
  return frag_b;
}
// Multiply dequantized values by the corresponding quantization scale; used
// only for grouped quantization.
__device__ inline void scale(FragB& frag_b, FragS& frag_s, int i) {
  half2 s = __half2half2(reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&frag_s)[i]);
  frag_b[0] = __hmul2(frag_b[0], s);
  frag_b[1] = __hmul2(frag_b[1], s);
}
// Given 2 floats multiply by 2 scales (halves)
__device__ inline void scale_float(float* c, FragS& s) {
  __half* s_ptr = reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&s);
  c[0] = __fmul_rn(c[0], __half2float(s_ptr[0]));
  c[1] = __fmul_rn(c[1], __half2float(s_ptr[1]));
}
// Same as above, but for act_order (each K is multiplied individually)
__device__ inline void scale4(FragB& frag_b, FragS& frag_s_1, FragS& frag_s_2,
                              FragS& frag_s_3, FragS& frag_s_4, int i) {
  __half2 s_val_1_2;
  s_val_1_2.x = reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&frag_s_1)[i];
  s_val_1_2.y = reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&frag_s_2)[i];
  __half2 s_val_3_4;
  s_val_3_4.x = reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&frag_s_3)[i];
  s_val_3_4.y = reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&frag_s_4)[i];
  frag_b[0] = __hmul2(frag_b[0], s_val_1_2);
  frag_b[1] = __hmul2(frag_b[1], s_val_3_4);
}
// Wait until barrier reaches `count`, then lock for current threadblock.
__device__ inline void barrier_acquire(int* lock, int count) {
  if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
    int state = -1;
    do
      // Guarantee that subsequent writes by this threadblock will be visible
      // globally.
      asm volatile("ld.global.acquire.gpu.b32 %0, [%1];\n"
                   : "=r"(state)
                   : "l"(lock));
    while (state != count);
  }
  __syncthreads();
}
// Release barrier and increment visitation count.
__device__ inline void barrier_release(int* lock, bool reset = false) {
  __syncthreads();
  if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
    if (reset) {
      lock[0] = 0;
      return;
    }
    int val = 1;
    // Make sure that all writes since acquiring this barrier are visible
    // globally, while releasing the barrier.
    asm volatile("fence.acq_rel.gpu;\n");
    asm volatile("red.relaxed.gpu.global.add.s32 [%0], %1;\n"
                 :
                 : "l"(lock), "r"(val));
  }
}
// For a given "a" of size [M,K] performs a permutation of the K columns based
// on the given "perm" indices.
__global__ void permute_cols_kernel(int4 const* __restrict__ a_int4_ptr,
                                    int const* __restrict__ perm_int_ptr,
                                    int4* __restrict__ out_int4_ptr, int size_m,
                                    int size_k, int block_rows) {
  int start_row = block_rows * blockIdx.x;
  int finish_row = start_row + block_rows;
  if (finish_row > size_m) {
    finish_row = size_m;
  }
  int cur_block_rows = finish_row - start_row;
  int row_stride = size_k * sizeof(half) / 16;
  auto permute_row = [&](int row) {
    int iters = size_k / blockDim.x;
    int rest = size_k % blockDim.x;
    int offset = row * row_stride;
    half const* a_row_half = reinterpret_cast<half const*>(a_int4_ptr + offset);
    half* out_half = reinterpret_cast<half*>(out_int4_ptr + offset);
    int base_k = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < iters; i++) {
      int cur_k = base_k + threadIdx.x;
      int src_pos = perm_int_ptr[cur_k];
      out_half[cur_k] = a_row_half[src_pos];
      base_k += blockDim.x;
    }
    if (rest) {
      if (threadIdx.x < rest) {
        int cur_k = base_k + threadIdx.x;
        int src_pos = perm_int_ptr[cur_k];
        out_half[cur_k] = a_row_half[src_pos];
      }
    }
  };
  for (int i = 0; i < cur_block_rows; i++) {
    int cur_row = start_row + i;
    if (cur_row < size_m) {
      permute_row(cur_row);
    }
  }
}
__global__ void compute_expert_offsets(int const* __restrict__ topk_ids,
                                       int* __restrict__ expert_offsets,
                                       int topk_length, int block_size) {
  int expert_id = threadIdx.x;
  int num_experts = blockDim.x;
  int occurrences = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < topk_length; ++i) {
    occurrences += (topk_ids[i] == expert_id);
  }
  expert_offsets[expert_id + 1] = occurrences;
  __syncthreads();
  if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
    int tot_offset = 0;
    expert_offsets[0] = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < num_experts; ++i) {
      tot_offset += ceildiv(expert_offsets[i + 1], block_size) * block_size;
      expert_offsets[i + 1] = tot_offset;
    }
  }
  __syncthreads();
}
template <const int threads,          // number of threads in a threadblock
          const int thread_m_blocks,  // number of 16x16 blocks in the m
                                      // dimension (batchsize) of the
                                      // threadblock
          const int thread_n_blocks,  // same for n dimension (output)
          const int thread_k_blocks,  // same for k dimension (reduction)
          const int stages,  // number of stages for the async global->shared
                             // fetch pipeline
          const bool has_act_order,    // whether act_order is enabled
          const int group_blocks = -1  // number of consecutive 16x16 blocks
                                       // with a separate quantization scale
          >
__device__ inline void MarlinMoESingle(
    const int4* __restrict__ A,  // fp16 input matrix of shape mxk
    const int4* __restrict__ B,  // 4bit quantized weight matrix of shape kxn
    int4* __restrict__ C,        // fp16 output buffer of shape mxn
    const int* __restrict__ sorted_ids,      // int32 sorted ids of experts
    const float* __restrict__ topk_weights,  // float topk weights
    const int4* __restrict__ scales_ptr,  // fp16 quantization scales of shape
                                          // (k/groupsize)xn
    const int* __restrict__ g_idx,        // int32 group indices of shape k
    const int* __restrict__ expert_offsets,
    int num_groups,        // number of scale groups per output channel
    int expert_idx,        // idx of current expert
    int num_experts,       // number of experts
    int topk,              // topk parameter of moe
    int prob_m,            // batch dimension m
    int prob_n,            // output dimension n
    int prob_k,            // reduction dimension k
    int tot_m,             // total number of rows in A and C
    int* locks,            // extra global storage for barrier synchronization
    bool replicate_input,  // do we use the same input for each expert?
    bool apply_weights,    // apply weights to output
    int current_m_block    // current m block to start kernel computation from
) {
  // For larger GEMMs we run multiple batchsize 64 versions in parallel for a
  // better partitioning with less reductions
  int parallel = 1;
  if (prob_m > 16 * thread_m_blocks) {
    parallel = prob_m / (16 * thread_m_blocks);
    prob_m = 16 * thread_m_blocks;
  }
  int k_tiles = prob_k / 16 / thread_k_blocks;
  int n_tiles = prob_n / 16 / thread_n_blocks;
  int iters = ceildiv(k_tiles * n_tiles * parallel, gridDim.x);
  if constexpr (!has_act_order && group_blocks != -1) {
    if (group_blocks >= thread_k_blocks) {
      // Ensure that the number of tiles in each stripe is a multiple of the
      // groupsize; this avoids an annoying special case where a stripe starts
      // in the middle of group.
      iters = (group_blocks / thread_k_blocks) *
              ceildiv(iters, (group_blocks / thread_k_blocks));
    }
  }
  int slice_row = (iters * blockIdx.x) % k_tiles;
  int slice_col_par = (iters * blockIdx.x) / k_tiles;
  int slice_col = slice_col_par;
  int slice_iters;  // number of threadblock tiles in the current slice
  int slice_count =
      0;          // total number of active threadblocks in the current slice
  int slice_idx;  // index of threadblock in current slice; numbered bottom to
                  // top
  // We can easily implement parallel problem execution by just remapping
  // indices and advancing global pointers
  if (slice_col_par >= n_tiles) {
    locks += (slice_col_par / n_tiles) * n_tiles;
    slice_col = slice_col_par % n_tiles;
    sorted_ids += (slice_col_par / n_tiles) * 16 * thread_m_blocks;
  }
  // Compute all information about the current slice which is required for
  // synchronization.
  auto init_slice = [&]() {
    slice_iters =
        iters * (blockIdx.x + 1) - (k_tiles * slice_col_par + slice_row);
    if (slice_iters < 0 || slice_col_par >= n_tiles * parallel) slice_iters = 0;
    if (slice_iters == 0) return;
    if (slice_row + slice_iters > k_tiles) slice_iters = k_tiles - slice_row;
    slice_count = 1;
    slice_idx = 0;
    int col_first = iters * ceildiv(k_tiles * slice_col_par, iters);
    if (col_first <= k_tiles * (slice_col_par + 1)) {
      int col_off = col_first - k_tiles * slice_col_par;
      slice_count = ceildiv(k_tiles - col_off, iters);
      if (col_off > 0) slice_count++;
      int delta_first = iters * blockIdx.x - col_first;
      if (delta_first < 0 || (col_off == 0 && delta_first == 0))
        slice_idx = slice_count - 1;
      else {
        slice_idx = slice_count - 1 - delta_first / iters;
        if (col_off > 0) slice_idx--;
      }
    }
    if (slice_col == n_tiles) {
      sorted_ids += 16 * thread_m_blocks;
      locks += n_tiles;
      slice_col = 0;
    }
  };
  init_slice();
  // A sizes/strides
  // stride of the A matrix in global memory
  int a_gl_stride = prob_k / 8;
  // stride of an A matrix tile in shared memory
  constexpr int a_sh_stride = 16 * thread_k_blocks / 8;
  // delta between subsequent A tiles in global memory
  constexpr int a_gl_rd_delta_o = 16 * thread_k_blocks / 8;
  // between subsequent accesses within a tile
  int a_gl_rd_delta_i = a_gl_stride * (threads / a_gl_rd_delta_o);
  // between shared memory writes
  constexpr int a_sh_wr_delta = a_sh_stride * (threads / a_gl_rd_delta_o);
  // between shared memory tile reads
  constexpr int a_sh_rd_delta_o = 2 * ((threads / 32) / (thread_n_blocks / 4));
  // within a shared memory tile
  constexpr int a_sh_rd_delta_i = a_sh_stride * 16;
  // overall size of a tile
  constexpr int a_sh_stage = a_sh_stride * (16 * thread_m_blocks);
  // number of shared write iterations for a tile
  constexpr int a_sh_wr_iters = ceildiv(a_sh_stage, a_sh_wr_delta);
  // B sizes/strides
  int b_gl_stride = 16 * prob_n / 32;
  constexpr int b_sh_stride = 32 * thread_n_blocks / 4;
  int b_gl_rd_delta_o = b_gl_stride * thread_k_blocks;
  int b_gl_rd_delta_i = b_gl_stride * (threads / b_sh_stride);
  constexpr int b_sh_wr_delta = threads;
  constexpr int b_sh_rd_delta = threads;
  constexpr int b_sh_stage = b_sh_stride * thread_k_blocks;
  constexpr int b_sh_wr_iters = b_sh_stage / b_sh_wr_delta;
  // Scale sizes/strides without act_order
  int s_gl_stride = prob_n / 8;
  constexpr int s_sh_stride = 16 * thread_n_blocks / 8;
  constexpr int s_tb_groups = !has_act_order && group_blocks < thread_k_blocks
                                  ? thread_k_blocks / group_blocks
                                  : 1;
  constexpr int s_sh_stage = s_tb_groups * s_sh_stride;
  int s_gl_rd_delta = s_gl_stride;
  // Scale size/strides with act_order
  constexpr int tb_k = 16 * thread_k_blocks;
  constexpr int g_idx_stage = has_act_order ? (tb_k * sizeof(int)) / 16 : 0;
  // constexpr int act_s_row_stride      = 1;
  // int           act_s_col_stride      = act_s_row_stride * num_groups;
  int act_s_col_stride = 1;
  int act_s_col_warp_stride = act_s_col_stride * 8;
  int tb_n_warps = thread_n_blocks / 4;
  int act_s_col_tb_stride = act_s_col_warp_stride * tb_n_warps;
  constexpr int sorted_sh_stride = threads;
  constexpr int sorted_gl_stride = threads;
  // Global A read index of current thread.
  int a_gl_rd = a_gl_stride * (threadIdx.x / a_gl_rd_delta_o) +
                (threadIdx.x % a_gl_rd_delta_o);
  a_gl_rd += a_gl_rd_delta_o * slice_row;
  // Shared write index of current thread.
  int a_sh_wr = a_sh_stride * (threadIdx.x / a_gl_rd_delta_o) +
                (threadIdx.x % a_gl_rd_delta_o);
  // Shared read index.
  int a_sh_rd =
      a_sh_stride * ((threadIdx.x % 32) % 16) + (threadIdx.x % 32) / 16;
  a_sh_rd += 2 * ((threadIdx.x / 32) / (thread_n_blocks / 4));
  int b_gl_rd =
      b_gl_stride * (threadIdx.x / b_sh_stride) + (threadIdx.x % b_sh_stride);
  b_gl_rd += b_sh_stride * slice_col;
  b_gl_rd += b_gl_rd_delta_o * slice_row;
  int b_sh_wr = threadIdx.x;
  int b_sh_rd = threadIdx.x;
  // For act_order
  constexpr int k_iter_size = tb_k / b_sh_wr_iters;
  int slice_k_start = tb_k * slice_row;
  int slice_k_finish = slice_k_start + tb_k * slice_iters;
  int slice_k_start_shared_fetch = slice_k_start;
  int slice_n_offset = act_s_col_tb_stride * slice_col;
  // No act_order
  int s_gl_rd;
  if constexpr (group_blocks == -1 || group_blocks == 0) {
    s_gl_rd = s_sh_stride * slice_col + threadIdx.x;
  } else {
    s_gl_rd = s_gl_stride * ((thread_k_blocks * slice_row) / group_blocks) +
              s_sh_stride * slice_col + threadIdx.x;
  }
  int s_sh_wr = threadIdx.x;
  bool s_sh_wr_pred = threadIdx.x < s_sh_stride;
  // We use a different scale layout for grouped and column-wise quantization as
  // we scale a `half2` tile in column-major layout in the former and in
  // row-major in the latter case.
  int s_sh_rd;
  if constexpr (group_blocks != -1)
    s_sh_rd = 8 * ((threadIdx.x / 32) % (thread_n_blocks / 4)) +
              (threadIdx.x % 32) / 4;
  else
    s_sh_rd = 8 * ((threadIdx.x / 32) % (thread_n_blocks / 4)) +
              (threadIdx.x % 32) % 4;
  int sh_first_group_id = -1;
  int sh_num_groups = -1;
  constexpr int sh_max_num_groups = 32;
  int shs_size;
  if constexpr (has_act_order)
    shs_size = sh_max_num_groups * s_sh_stride + threads;
  else
    shs_size = group_blocks > 0 ? stages * s_sh_stage : threads;
  extern __shared__ int4 sh[];
  // Shared memory storage for global fetch pipelines.
  int4* sh_a = sh;
  int4* sh_b = sh_a + (stages * a_sh_stage);
  int4* sh_g_idx = sh_b + (stages * b_sh_stage);
  int4* sh_s = sh_g_idx + (stages * g_idx_stage);
  int* sh_sorted = (int*)(sh_s + shs_size);
  // Precompute which thread should not read memory in which iterations; this is
  // needed if there are more threads than required for a certain tilesize or
  // when the batchsize is not a multiple of 16.
  bool a_sh_wr_pred[a_sh_wr_iters];
  #pragma unroll
  for (int i = 0; i < a_sh_wr_iters; i++) {
    int a_idx = a_sh_wr_delta * i + a_sh_wr;
    int row = a_idx / a_gl_rd_delta_o;
    if (row >= prob_m) {
      a_sh_wr_pred[i] = false;
    } else {
      a_sh_wr_pred[i] = a_sh_wr_delta * i + a_sh_wr < a_sh_stride * prob_m;
    }
  }
  // To ensure that writing and reading A tiles to/from shared memory, the
  // latter in fragment format, is fully bank conflict free, we need to use a
  // rather fancy XOR-based layout. The key here is that neither reads nor
  // writes of the 16-byte `int4` blocks of 8 consecutive threads involve the
  // same shared memory banks. Further, it seems (based on NSight-Compute) that
  // each warp must also write a consecutive memory segment?
  auto transform_a = [&](int i) {
    int row = i / a_gl_rd_delta_o;
    return a_gl_rd_delta_o * row + (i % a_gl_rd_delta_o) ^ row;
  };
  // Since the computation of this remapping is non-trivial and, due to our main
  // loop unrolls, all shared memory accesses are static, we simply precompute
  // both transformed reads and writes.
  int a_sh_wr_trans[a_sh_wr_iters];
  #pragma unroll
  for (int i = 0; i < a_sh_wr_iters; i++)
    a_sh_wr_trans[i] = transform_a(a_sh_wr_delta * i + a_sh_wr);
  int a_sh_rd_trans[b_sh_wr_iters][thread_m_blocks];
  #pragma unroll
  for (int i = 0; i < b_sh_wr_iters; i++) {
  #pragma unroll
    for (int j = 0; j < thread_m_blocks; j++)
      a_sh_rd_trans[i][j] =
          transform_a(a_sh_rd_delta_o * i + a_sh_rd_delta_i * j + a_sh_rd);
  }
  // Since B-accesses have non-constant stride they have to be computed at
  // runtime; we break dependencies between subsequent accesses with a tile by
  // maintining multiple pointers (we have enough registers), a tiny
  // optimization.
  const int4* B_ptr[b_sh_wr_iters];
  #pragma unroll
  for (int i = 0; i < b_sh_wr_iters; i++)
    B_ptr[i] = B + b_gl_rd_delta_i * i + b_gl_rd;
  // Register storage for double buffer of shared memory reads.
  FragA frag_a[2][thread_m_blocks];
  I4 frag_b_quant[2];
  FragC frag_c[thread_m_blocks][4][2];
  FragS frag_s[2][4];         // No act-order
  FragS act_frag_s[2][4][4];  // For act-order
  // Zero accumulators.
  auto zero_accums = [&]() {
  #pragma unroll
    for (int i = 0; i < thread_m_blocks * 4 * 2 * 4; i++)
      reinterpret_cast<float*>(frag_c)[i] = 0;
  };
  auto fetch_scales_to_shared = [&](bool is_async, int first_group_id,
                                    int last_group_id) {
    sh_first_group_id = first_group_id;
    sh_num_groups = last_group_id - first_group_id + 1;
    if (sh_num_groups < sh_max_num_groups) {
      sh_num_groups = sh_max_num_groups;
    }
    if (sh_first_group_id + sh_num_groups > num_groups) {
      sh_num_groups = num_groups - sh_first_group_id;
    }
    int row_offset = first_group_id * s_gl_stride;
    if (is_async) {
      for (int i = 0; i < sh_num_groups; i++) {
        if (threadIdx.x < s_sh_stride) {
          cp_async4_pred(&sh_s[(i * s_sh_stride) + threadIdx.x],
                         &scales_ptr[row_offset + (i * s_gl_stride) +
                                     slice_n_offset + threadIdx.x]);
        }
      }
    } else {
      for (int i = 0; i < sh_num_groups; i++) {
        if (threadIdx.x < s_sh_stride) {
          sh_s[(i * s_sh_stride) + threadIdx.x] =
              scales_ptr[row_offset + (i * s_gl_stride) + slice_n_offset +
                         threadIdx.x];
        }
      }
    }
  };
  // Asynchronously fetch the next A, B and s tile from global to the next
  // shared memory pipeline location.
  auto fetch_to_shared = [&](int pipe, int a_off, bool pred = true) {
    if (pred) {
      int4* sh_a_stage = sh_a + a_sh_stage * pipe;
  #pragma unroll
      for (int i = 0; i < a_sh_wr_iters; i++) {
        int a_idx = a_gl_rd_delta_i * i + a_gl_rd + a_gl_rd_delta_o * a_off;
        int row = a_idx / a_gl_stride;
        int sorted_row =
            replicate_input ? sorted_ids[row] / topk : sorted_ids[row];
        int new_idx = sorted_row * a_gl_stride + a_idx % a_gl_stride;
        if (sorted_row < tot_m * (replicate_input ? 1 : topk) &&
            new_idx < a_gl_stride * tot_m * (replicate_input ? 1 : topk)) {
          cp_async4_pred(&sh_a_stage[a_sh_wr_trans[i]], &A[new_idx],
                         a_sh_wr_pred[i]);
        }
      }
      int4* sh_b_stage = sh_b + b_sh_stage * pipe;
  #pragma unroll
      for (int i = 0; i < b_sh_wr_iters; i++) {
        cp_async4(&sh_b_stage[b_sh_wr_delta * i + b_sh_wr], B_ptr[i]);
        B_ptr[i] += b_gl_rd_delta_o;
      }
      if constexpr (has_act_order) {
        // Fetch g_idx thread-block portion
        int full_pipe = a_off;
        int cur_k = slice_k_start_shared_fetch + tb_k * full_pipe;
        if (cur_k < prob_k && cur_k < slice_k_finish) {
          int4* sh_g_idx_stage = sh_g_idx + g_idx_stage * pipe;
          int4 const* cur_g_idx_stage_ptr =
              reinterpret_cast<int4 const*>(&g_idx[cur_k]);
          if (threadIdx.x < g_idx_stage) {
            cp_async4_pred(&sh_g_idx_stage[threadIdx.x],
                           &cur_g_idx_stage_ptr[threadIdx.x]);
          }
        }
      } else {
        if constexpr (group_blocks != -1) {
          int4* sh_s_stage = sh_s + s_sh_stage * pipe;
          if constexpr (group_blocks >= thread_k_blocks) {
            // Only fetch scales if this tile starts a new group
            if (pipe % (group_blocks / thread_k_blocks) == 0) {
              if (s_sh_wr_pred) {
                cp_async4(&sh_s_stage[s_sh_wr], &scales_ptr[s_gl_rd]);
              }
              s_gl_rd += s_gl_rd_delta;
            }
          } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < s_tb_groups; i++) {
              if (s_sh_wr_pred) {
                cp_async4(&sh_s_stage[i * s_sh_stride + s_sh_wr],
                          &scales_ptr[s_gl_rd]);
              }
              s_gl_rd += s_gl_rd_delta;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    // Insert a fence even when we are winding down the pipeline to ensure that
    // waiting is also correct at this point.
    cp_async_fence();
  };
  // TODO we are currently hitting illegal memory accesses when fetching
  // sorted_ids to shared data: fix this
  auto fetch_sorted_ids_to_shared = [&]() {
    const int mpt = ceildiv(prob_m, threads);
    for (int i = 0; i < mpt; i++) {
      if ((i * sorted_gl_stride) + threadIdx.x < prob_m) {
        sh_sorted[(i * sorted_sh_stride) + threadIdx.x] =
            sorted_ids[(i * sorted_gl_stride) + threadIdx.x];
      }
    }
  };
  // Wait until the next thread tile has been loaded to shared memory.
  auto wait_for_stage = [&]() {
    // We only have `stages - 2` active fetches since we are double buffering
    // and can only issue the next fetch when it is guaranteed that the previous
    // shared memory load is fully complete (as it may otherwise be
    // overwritten).
    cp_async_wait<stages - 2>();
    __syncthreads();
  };
  // Load the next sub-tile from the current location in the shared memory pipe
  // into the current register buffer.
  auto fetch_to_registers = [&](int k, int pipe) {
    int4* sh_a_stage = sh_a + a_sh_stage * pipe;
  #pragma unroll
    for (int i = 0; i < thread_m_blocks; i++)
      ldsm4(frag_a[k % 2][i], &sh_a_stage[a_sh_rd_trans[k % b_sh_wr_iters][i]]);
    int4* sh_b_stage = sh_b + b_sh_stage * pipe;
    frag_b_quant[k % 2] = *reinterpret_cast<I4*>(
        &sh_b_stage[b_sh_rd_delta * (k % b_sh_wr_iters) + b_sh_rd]);
  };
  bool is_same_group[stages];
  int same_group_id[stages];
  auto init_same_group = [&](int pipe) {
    int4* sh_g_idx_stage = sh_g_idx + g_idx_stage * pipe;
    int* sh_g_idx_int_ptr = reinterpret_cast<int*>(sh_g_idx_stage);
    int group_id_1 = sh_g_idx_int_ptr[0];
    int group_id_2 = sh_g_idx_int_ptr[tb_k - 1];
    is_same_group[pipe] = group_id_1 == group_id_2;
    same_group_id[pipe] = group_id_1;
  };
  auto fetch_scales_to_registers = [&](int k, int full_pipe) {
    int pipe = full_pipe % stages;
    if constexpr (!has_act_order) {
      // No act-order case
      if constexpr (group_blocks != -1) {
        if constexpr (group_blocks >= thread_k_blocks) {
          int4* sh_s_stage =
              sh_s + s_sh_stage * ((group_blocks / thread_k_blocks) *
                                   (pipe / (group_blocks / thread_k_blocks)));
          reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&frag_s[k % 2])[0] = sh_s_stage[s_sh_rd];
        } else {
          int warp_id = threadIdx.x / 32;
          int n_warps = thread_n_blocks / 4;
          int warp_row = warp_id / n_warps;
          int cur_k = warp_row * 16;
          cur_k += k_iter_size * (k % b_sh_wr_iters);
          int k_blocks = cur_k / 16;
          int cur_group_id = k_blocks / group_blocks;
          int4* sh_s_stage = sh_s + s_sh_stage * pipe;
          reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&frag_s[k % 2])[0] =
              sh_s_stage[s_sh_rd + cur_group_id * s_sh_stride];
        }
      }
      return;
    }
    // Act-order case
    // Determine K of the "current" thread-block
    int cur_k = slice_k_start + tb_k * full_pipe;
    if (cur_k >= prob_k || cur_k >= slice_k_finish) {
      return;
    }
    // Reset (to current thread-block) since we read g_idx portion from the
    // shared memory
    cur_k = 0;
    // Progress to current iteration
    cur_k += k_iter_size * (k % b_sh_wr_iters);
    // Determine "position" inside the thread-block (based on warp and
    // thread-id)
    int warp_id = threadIdx.x / 32;
    int n_warps =
        thread_n_blocks / 4;  // Each warp processes 4 16-size tiles over N
    int warp_row = warp_id / n_warps;
    int warp_col = warp_id % n_warps;
    cur_k += warp_row * 16;
    int th_id = threadIdx.x % 32;
    cur_k += (th_id % 4) * 2;  // Due to tensor-core layout for fp16 B matrix
    int s_col_shift =
        /*slice_n_offset +*/ (act_s_col_warp_stride * warp_col) +
        (th_id / 4) * act_s_col_stride;
    if (is_same_group[pipe]) {
      if (k % 2 == 0) {
        *(reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&(act_frag_s[k % 2][0][0]))) =
            sh_s[(same_group_id[pipe] - sh_first_group_id) * s_sh_stride +
                 s_col_shift];
      } else {
        *(reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&(act_frag_s[k % 2][0][0]))) =
            *(reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&(act_frag_s[(k - 1) % 2][0][0])));
      }
      for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
        *(reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&(act_frag_s[k % 2][i][0]))) =
            *(reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&(act_frag_s[k % 2][0][0])));
      }
      return;
    }
    int4* sh_g_idx_stage = sh_g_idx + g_idx_stage * pipe;
    int* sh_g_idx_int_ptr = reinterpret_cast<int*>(sh_g_idx_stage);
    constexpr int k_frag_offsets[4] = {0, 1, 8,
                                       9};  // Tensor core offsets per thread
  #pragma unroll
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
      int actual_k = cur_k + k_frag_offsets[i];
      int group_id = sh_g_idx_int_ptr[actual_k];
      int rel_group_id = group_id - sh_first_group_id;
      *(reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&(act_frag_s[k % 2][i][0]))) =
          sh_s[rel_group_id * s_sh_stride + s_col_shift];
    }
  };
  // Execute the actual tensor core matmul of a sub-tile.
  auto matmul = [&](int k) {
  // We have the m dimension as the inner loop in order to encourage overlapping
  // dequantization and matmul operations.
  #pragma unroll
    for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
      int b_quant = frag_b_quant[k % 2][j];
      int b_quant_shift = b_quant >> 8;
      FragB frag_b0 = dequant(b_quant);
      // Apply scale to frag_b0
      if constexpr (has_act_order) {
        scale4(frag_b0, act_frag_s[k % 2][0][j], act_frag_s[k % 2][1][j],
               act_frag_s[k % 2][2][j], act_frag_s[k % 2][3][j], 0);
      } else {
        if constexpr (group_blocks != -1) {
          scale(frag_b0, frag_s[k % 2][j], 0);
        }
      }
      FragB frag_b1 = dequant(b_quant_shift);
      // Apply scale to frag_b1
      if constexpr (has_act_order) {
        scale4(frag_b1, act_frag_s[k % 2][0][j], act_frag_s[k % 2][1][j],
               act_frag_s[k % 2][2][j], act_frag_s[k % 2][3][j], 1);
      } else {
        if constexpr (group_blocks != -1) {
          scale(frag_b1, frag_s[k % 2][j], 1);
        }
      }
  #pragma unroll
      for (int i = 0; i < thread_m_blocks; i++) {
        mma(frag_a[k % 2][i], frag_b0, frag_c[i][j][0]);
        mma(frag_a[k % 2][i], frag_b1, frag_c[i][j][1]);
      }
    }
  };
  // Since we slice across the k dimension of a tile in order to increase the
  // number of warps while keeping the n dimension of a tile reasonable, we have
  // multiple warps that accumulate their partial sums of the same output
  // location; which we have to reduce over in the end. We do in shared memory.
  auto thread_block_reduce = [&]() {
    constexpr int red_off = threads / b_sh_stride / 2;
    if (red_off >= 1) {
      int red_idx = threadIdx.x / b_sh_stride;
      constexpr int red_sh_stride = b_sh_stride * 4 * 2;
      constexpr int red_sh_delta = b_sh_stride;
      int red_sh_rd = red_sh_stride * (threadIdx.x / b_sh_stride) +
                      (threadIdx.x % b_sh_stride);
      // Parallel logarithmic shared memory reduction. We make sure to avoid any
      // unnecessary read or write iterations, e.g., for two warps we write only
      // once by warp 1 and read only once by warp 0.
  #pragma unroll
      for (int m_block = 0; m_block < thread_m_blocks; m_block++) {
  #pragma unroll
        for (int i = red_off; i > 0; i /= 2) {
          if (i <= red_idx && red_idx < 2 * i) {
  #pragma unroll
            for (int j = 0; j < 4 * 2; j++) {
              int red_sh_wr =
                  red_sh_delta * j + (red_sh_rd - red_sh_stride * i);
              if (i < red_off) {
                float* c_rd =
                    reinterpret_cast<float*>(&sh[red_sh_delta * j + red_sh_rd]);
                float* c_wr = reinterpret_cast<float*>(&sh[red_sh_wr]);
  #pragma unroll
                for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++)
                  reinterpret_cast<FragC*>(frag_c)[4 * 2 * m_block + j][k] +=
                      c_rd[k] + c_wr[k];
              }
              sh[red_sh_wr] =
                  reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&frag_c)[4 * 2 * m_block + j];
            }
          }
          __syncthreads();
        }
        if (red_idx == 0) {
  #pragma unroll
          for (int i = 0; i < 4 * 2; i++) {
            float* c_rd =
                reinterpret_cast<float*>(&sh[red_sh_delta * i + red_sh_rd]);
  #pragma unroll
            for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
              reinterpret_cast<FragC*>(frag_c)[4 * 2 * m_block + i][j] +=
                  c_rd[j];
          }
        }
        __syncthreads();
      }
    }
  };
  // Since multiple threadblocks may process parts of the same column slice, we
  // finally have to globally reduce over the results. As the striped
  // partitioning minimizes the number of such reductions and our outputs are
  // usually rather small, we perform this reduction serially in L2 cache.
  auto global_reduce = [&](bool first = false, bool last = false) {
    // We are very careful here to reduce directly in the output buffer to
    // maximize L2 cache utilization in this step. To do this, we write out
    // results in FP16 (but still reduce with FP32 compute).
    constexpr int active_threads = 32 * thread_n_blocks / 4;
    if (threadIdx.x < active_threads) {
      int c_gl_stride = prob_n / 8;
      int c_gl_wr_delta_o = 8 * c_gl_stride;
      int c_gl_wr_delta_i = 4 * (active_threads / 32);
      int c_gl_wr = c_gl_stride * ((threadIdx.x % 32) / 4) +
                    4 * (threadIdx.x / 32) + threadIdx.x % 4;
      c_gl_wr += (2 * thread_n_blocks) * slice_col;
      constexpr int c_sh_wr_delta = active_threads;
      int c_sh_wr = threadIdx.x;
      int row = (threadIdx.x % 32) / 4;
      if (!first) {
  // Interestingly, doing direct global accesses here really seems to mess up
  // the compiler and lead to slowdowns, hence we also use async-copies even
  // though these fetches are not actually asynchronous.
  #pragma unroll
        for (int i = 0; i < thread_m_blocks * 4; i++) {
          int c_idx =
              c_gl_wr + c_gl_wr_delta_o * (i / 2) + c_gl_wr_delta_i * (i % 2);
          int sorted_row = sorted_ids[c_idx / c_gl_stride];
          int new_idx = sorted_row * c_gl_stride + c_idx % c_gl_stride;
          cp_async4_pred(&sh[c_sh_wr + c_sh_wr_delta * i], &C[new_idx],
                         sorted_row < tot_m * topk &&
                             (8 * (i / 2) + row < prob_m &&
                              (i < (thread_m_blocks - 1) * 4 ||
                               sorted_ids[8 * (i / 2) + row] < tot_m * topk)));
        }
        cp_async_fence();
        cp_async_wait<0>();
      }
  #pragma unroll
      for (int i = 0; i < thread_m_blocks * 4; i++) {
        if (8 * (i / 2) + row < prob_m &&
            (i < (thread_m_blocks - 1) * 4 ||
             sorted_ids[8 * (i / 2) + row] < tot_m * topk)) {
          if (!first) {
            int4 c_red = sh[c_sh_wr + i * c_sh_wr_delta];
  #pragma unroll
            for (int j = 0; j < 2 * 4; j++) {
              reinterpret_cast<float*>(
                  &frag_c)[4 * 2 * 4 * (i / 4) + 4 * j + (i % 4)] +=
                  __half2float(reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&c_red)[j]);
            }
          }
          if (!last) {
            int4 c;
  #pragma unroll
            for (int j = 0; j < 2 * 4; j++) {
              reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&c)[j] =
                  __float2half(reinterpret_cast<float*>(
                      &frag_c)[4 * 2 * 4 * (i / 4) + 4 * j + (i % 4)]);
            }
            int c_idx =
                c_gl_wr + c_gl_wr_delta_o * (i / 2) + c_gl_wr_delta_i * (i % 2);
            int row = sorted_ids[c_idx / c_gl_stride];
            if (row < tot_m * topk) {
              int new_idx = row * c_gl_stride + c_idx % c_gl_stride;
              C[new_idx] = c;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  };
  // Write out the reduce final result in the correct layout. We only actually
  // reshuffle matrix fragments in this step, the reduction above is performed
  // in fragment layout.
  auto write_result = [&]() {
    int c_gl_stride = prob_n / 8;
    constexpr int c_sh_stride = 2 * thread_n_blocks + 1;
    int c_gl_wr_delta = c_gl_stride * (threads / (2 * thread_n_blocks));
    constexpr int c_sh_rd_delta =
        c_sh_stride * (threads / (2 * thread_n_blocks));
    int c_gl_wr = c_gl_stride * (threadIdx.x / (2 * thread_n_blocks)) +
                  (threadIdx.x % (2 * thread_n_blocks));
    c_gl_wr += (2 * thread_n_blocks) * slice_col;
    int c_sh_wr =
        (4 * c_sh_stride) * ((threadIdx.x % 32) / 4) + (threadIdx.x % 32) % 4;
    c_sh_wr += 32 * (threadIdx.x / 32);
    int c_sh_rd = c_sh_stride * (threadIdx.x / (2 * thread_n_blocks)) +
                  (threadIdx.x % (2 * thread_n_blocks));
    int c_gl_wr_end = c_gl_stride * prob_m;
    // We first reorder in shared memory to guarantee the most efficient final
    // global write patterns
    auto write = [&](int idx, float c0, float c1, FragS& s) {
      half2 res = __halves2half2(__float2half(c0), __float2half(c1));
      // For per-column quantization we finally apply the scale here
      if constexpr (!has_act_order && group_blocks == -1) {
        res = __hmul2(res, s[0]);
      }
      ((half2*)sh)[idx] = res;
    };
    if (threadIdx.x / 32 < thread_n_blocks / 4) {
  #pragma unroll
      for (int i = 0; i < thread_m_blocks; i++) {
  #pragma unroll
        for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
          int wr = c_sh_wr + 8 * j;
          write(wr + (4 * c_sh_stride) * 0 + 0, frag_c[i][j][0][0],
                frag_c[i][j][0][1], frag_s[j / 2][2 * (j % 2) + 0]);
          write(wr + (4 * c_sh_stride) * 8 + 0, frag_c[i][j][0][2],
                frag_c[i][j][0][3], frag_s[j / 2][2 * (j % 2) + 0]);
          write(wr + (4 * c_sh_stride) * 0 + 4, frag_c[i][j][1][0],
                frag_c[i][j][1][1], frag_s[j / 2][2 * (j % 2) + 1]);
          write(wr + (4 * c_sh_stride) * 8 + 4, frag_c[i][j][1][2],
                frag_c[i][j][1][3], frag_s[j / 2][2 * (j % 2) + 1]);
        }
        c_sh_wr += 16 * (4 * c_sh_stride);
      }
    }
    __syncthreads();
  #pragma unroll
    for (int i = 0;
         i < ceildiv(16 * thread_m_blocks, threads / (2 * thread_n_blocks));
         i++) {
      if (c_gl_wr < c_gl_wr_end) {
        int row = sorted_ids[c_gl_wr / c_gl_stride];
        if (row < tot_m * topk) {
          int off = row * c_gl_stride + c_gl_wr % c_gl_stride;
          if (!apply_weights) {
            C[off] = sh[c_sh_rd];
          } else {
            __half* ctrg = reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&C[off]);
            __half* csrc = reinterpret_cast<__half*>(&sh[c_sh_rd]);
            for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
              ctrg[j] = __float2half(topk_weights[row] * __half2float(csrc[j]));
            }
          }
          c_gl_wr += c_gl_wr_delta;
          c_sh_rd += c_sh_rd_delta;
        }
      }
    }
  };
  // Start global fetch and register load pipelines.
  auto start_pipes = [&]() {
    // TODO re-enable after fixing this function
    // fetch_sorted_ids_to_shared();
    __syncthreads();
  #pragma unroll
    for (int i = 0; i < stages - 1; i++) {
      if (has_act_order && i == 0) {
        int last_g_idx = slice_k_start + stages * tb_k * 2;
        if (last_g_idx >= prob_k) {
          last_g_idx = prob_k - 1;
        }
        fetch_scales_to_shared(true, g_idx[slice_k_start], g_idx[last_g_idx]);
      }
      fetch_to_shared(i, i, i < slice_iters);
    }
    zero_accums();
    wait_for_stage();
    init_same_group(0);
    fetch_to_registers(0, 0);
    fetch_scales_to_registers(0, 0);
    a_gl_rd += a_gl_rd_delta_o * (stages - 1);
    slice_k_start_shared_fetch += tb_k * (stages - 1);
  };
  if (slice_iters) {
    start_pipes();
  }
  // Main loop.
  while (slice_iters) {
    // We unroll over both the global fetch and the register load pipeline to
    // ensure all shared memory accesses are static. Note that both pipelines
    // have even length meaning that the next iteration will always start at
    // index 0.
  #pragma unroll
    for (int pipe = 0; pipe < stages;) {
  #pragma unroll
      for (int k = 0; k < b_sh_wr_iters; k++) {
        fetch_to_registers(k + 1, pipe % stages);
        fetch_scales_to_registers(k + 1, pipe);
        if (k == b_sh_wr_iters - 2) {
          fetch_to_shared((pipe + stages - 1) % stages, pipe,
                          slice_iters >= stages);
          pipe++;
          wait_for_stage();
          init_same_group(pipe % stages);
        }
        matmul(k);
      }
      slice_iters--;
      if (slice_iters == 0) {
        break;
      }
    }
    a_gl_rd += a_gl_rd_delta_o * stages;
    slice_k_start += tb_k * stages;
    slice_k_start_shared_fetch += tb_k * stages;
    if constexpr (has_act_order) {
      int first_group_id = g_idx[slice_k_start];
      int last_g_idx = slice_k_start + stages * tb_k * 2;
      if (last_g_idx >= prob_k) {
        last_g_idx = prob_k - 1;
      }
      int last_group_id = g_idx[last_g_idx];
      if (last_group_id >= sh_first_group_id + sh_num_groups) {
        fetch_scales_to_shared(false, first_group_id, last_group_id);
        __syncthreads();
      }
    }
    // Process results and, if necessary, proceed to the next column slice.
    // While this pattern may not be the most readable, other ways of writing
    // the loop seemed to noticeably worse performance after compilation.
    if (slice_iters == 0) {
      cp_async_wait<0>();
      bool last = slice_idx == slice_count - 1;
      // For per-column scales, we only fetch them here in the final step before
      // write-out
      if constexpr (!has_act_order && group_blocks == -1) {
        if (last) {
          if (s_sh_wr_pred) {
            cp_async4(&sh_s[s_sh_wr], &scales_ptr[s_gl_rd]);
          }
          cp_async_fence();
        }
      }
      thread_block_reduce();
      if constexpr (!has_act_order && group_blocks == -1) {
        if (last) {
          cp_async_wait<0>();
          __syncthreads();
          if (threadIdx.x / 32 < thread_n_blocks / 4) {
            reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&frag_s)[0] = sh_s[s_sh_rd + 0];
            reinterpret_cast<int4*>(&frag_s)[1] = sh_s[s_sh_rd + 4];
          }
        }
      }
      if (slice_count > 1) {  // only globally reduce if there is more than one
                              // block in a slice
        barrier_acquire(&locks[slice_col], slice_idx);
        global_reduce(slice_idx == 0, last);
        barrier_release(&locks[slice_col], last);
      }
      if (last)  // only the last block in a slice actually writes the result
        write_result();
      slice_row = 0;
      slice_col_par++;
      slice_col++;
      init_slice();
      if (slice_iters) {
        a_gl_rd = a_gl_stride * (threadIdx.x / a_gl_rd_delta_o) +
                  (threadIdx.x % a_gl_rd_delta_o);
  #pragma unroll
        for (int i = 0; i < b_sh_wr_iters; i++)
          B_ptr[i] += b_sh_stride - b_gl_rd_delta_o * k_tiles;
        if (slice_col == 0) {
  #pragma unroll
          for (int i = 0; i < b_sh_wr_iters; i++) B_ptr[i] -= b_gl_stride;
        }
        // Update slice k/n for scales loading
        if constexpr (has_act_order) {
          slice_k_start = tb_k * slice_row;
          slice_k_finish = slice_k_start + tb_k * slice_iters;
          slice_k_start_shared_fetch = slice_k_start;
          slice_n_offset = act_s_col_tb_stride * slice_col;
        } else {
          s_gl_rd = s_sh_stride * slice_col + threadIdx.x;
        }
        start_pipes();
      }
    }
  }
}
template <const int threads,          // number of threads in a threadblock
          const int thread_m_blocks,  // number of 16x16 blocks in the m
                                      // dimension (batchsize) of the
                                      // threadblock
          const int thread_n_blocks,  // same for n dimension (output)
          const int thread_k_blocks,  // same for k dimension (reduction)
          const int stages,  // number of stages for the async global->shared
                             // fetch pipeline
          const bool has_act_order,    // whether act_order is enabled
          const int group_blocks = -1  // number of consecutive 16x16 blocks
                                       // with a separate quantization scale
          >
__global__ void MarlinMoE(
    const int4* __restrict__ A,  // fp16 input matrix of shape mxk
    const int4* __restrict__ B,  // 4bit quantized weight matrix of shape kxn
    int4* __restrict__ C,        // fp16 output buffer of shape mxn
    const int* __restrict__ sorted_ids_base,  // int32 sorted ids of experts
    const float* __restrict__ topk_weights,   // float topk weights
    const int4* __restrict__ scales_ptr,  // fp16 quantization scales of shape
                                          // (k/groupsize)xn
    const int* __restrict__ g_idx,        // int32 group indices of shape k
    const int* __restrict__ expert_offsets,
    int num_groups,        // number of scale groups per output channel
    int expert_idx,        // idx of current expert
    int num_experts,       // number of experts
    int topk,              // topk parameter of moe
    int prob_m,            // batch dimension m
    int prob_n,            // output dimension n
    int prob_k,            // reduction dimension k
    int tot_m,             // total number of rows in A and C
    int* locks,            // extra global storage for barrier synchronization
    bool replicate_input,  // do we use the same input for each expert?
    bool apply_weights,    // apply weights to output
    int current_m_block,   // current m block to start kernel computation from
    int max_par            // maximum parallelism
) {
  int m_block_ctr = current_m_block;
  const int* sorted_ids_expert =
      sorted_ids_base + expert_offsets[expert_idx] + m_block_ctr * 4 * max_par;
  int tot_its = expert_offsets[expert_idx + 1] - expert_offsets[expert_idx];
  if (tot_its == 0) {
    return;
  }
  int tot_m_blocks = ceildiv(tot_its, 16);
  int pad = 16 * tot_m_blocks - tot_its;
  if (m_block_ctr >= tot_m_blocks) {
    return;
  }
  int max_block = tot_m_blocks - m_block_ctr;
  prob_m = tot_its - 16 * m_block_ctr;
  int par = 1;
  if (max_block > 4) {
    // Note that parallel > 1 currently only works for inputs without any
    // padding
    par = (16 * max_block - pad) / 64;
    par = min((16 * max_block - pad) / 64, max_par);
    prob_m = 64 * par;
    m_block_ctr += 4 * (par - 1);
    max_block = 4;
  }
  if (max_block == 1) {
    MarlinMoESingle<threads, 1, thread_n_blocks, thread_k_blocks, stages,
                    has_act_order, group_blocks>(
        A, B, C, sorted_ids_expert, topk_weights, scales_ptr, g_idx,
        expert_offsets, num_groups, expert_idx, num_experts, topk, prob_m,
        prob_n, prob_k, tot_m, locks, replicate_input, apply_weights,
        current_m_block);
  } else if (max_block == 2) {
    MarlinMoESingle<threads, 2, thread_n_blocks, thread_k_blocks, stages,
                    has_act_order, group_blocks>(
        A, B, C, sorted_ids_expert, topk_weights, scales_ptr, g_idx,
        expert_offsets, num_groups, expert_idx, num_experts, topk, prob_m,
        prob_n, prob_k, tot_m, locks, replicate_input, apply_weights,
        current_m_block);
  } else if (max_block == 3) {
    MarlinMoESingle<threads, 3, thread_n_blocks, thread_k_blocks, stages,
                    has_act_order, group_blocks>(
        A, B, C, sorted_ids_expert, topk_weights, scales_ptr, g_idx,
        expert_offsets, num_groups, expert_idx, num_experts, topk, prob_m,
        prob_n, prob_k, tot_m, locks, replicate_input, apply_weights,
        current_m_block);
  } else {
    MarlinMoESingle<threads, 4, thread_n_blocks, thread_k_blocks, stages,
                    has_act_order, group_blocks>(
        A, B, C, sorted_ids_expert, topk_weights, scales_ptr, g_idx,
        expert_offsets, num_groups, expert_idx, num_experts, topk, prob_m,
        prob_n, prob_k, tot_m, locks, replicate_input, apply_weights,
        current_m_block);
  }
}
#else
__global__ void permute_cols_kernel(int4 const* __restrict__ a_int4_ptr,
                                    int const* __restrict__ perm_int_ptr,
                                    int4* __restrict__ out_int4_ptr, int size_m,
                                    int size_k, int block_rows) {
  // Marlin is not implemented yet for SM < 8.0
  assert(false);
  return;
}
__global__ void compute_expert_offsets(int const* __restrict__ topk_ids,
                                       int* __restrict__ expert_offsets,
                                       int topk_length, int block_size) {
  // Marlin is not implemented yet for SM < 8.0
  assert(false);
  return;
}
template <const int threads,          // number of threads in a threadblock
          const int thread_m_blocks,  // number of 16x16 blocks in the m
                                      // dimension (batchsize) of the
                                      // threadblock
          const int thread_n_blocks,  // same for n dimension (output)
          const int thread_k_blocks,  // same for k dimension (reduction)
          const int stages,  // number of stages for the async global->shared
                             // fetch pipeline
          const bool has_act_order,    // whether act_order is enabled
          const int group_blocks = -1  // number of consecutive 16x16 blocks
                                       // with a separate quantization scale
          >
__global__ void MarlinMoE(
    const int4* __restrict__ A,  // fp16 input matrix of shape mxk
    const int4* __restrict__ B,  // 4bit quantized weight matrix of shape kxn
    int4* __restrict__ C,        // fp16 output buffer of shape mxn
    const int* __restrict__ sorted_ids,      // int32 sorted ids of experts
    const float* __restrict__ topk_weights,  // float topk weights
    const int4* __restrict__ scales_ptr,  // fp16 quantization scales of shape
                                          // (k/groupsize)xn
    const int* __restrict__ g_idx,        // int32 group indices of shape k
    const int* __restrict__ expert_offsets,
    int num_groups,        // number of scale groups per output channel
    int expert_idx,        // idx of current expert
    int num_experts,       // number of experts
    int topk,              // topk parameter of moe
    int prob_m,            // batch dimension m
    int prob_n,            // output dimension n
    int prob_k,            // reduction dimension k
    int tot_m,             // total number of rows in A and C
    int* locks,            // extra global storage for barrier synchronization
    bool replicate_input,  // do we use the same input for each expert?
    bool apply_weights,    // apply weights to output
    int current_m_block,   // current m block to start kernel computation from
    int max_par            // maximum parallelism
) {
  // Marlin is not implemented yet for SM < 8.0
  assert(false);
  return;
}
#endif
// 8 warps are a good choice since every SM has 4 schedulers and having more
// than 1 warp per schedule allows some more latency hiding. At the same time,
// we want relatively few warps to have many registers per warp and small tiles.
const int USER_THREADS =
    256;               // Note: This is only used with user-provided thread_k/n
const int STAGES = 4;  // 4 pipeline stages fit into shared memory
// const int SHARED_MEM =
//     96 * 1024; // max shared memory on compute capability 8.6 (< 8.0)
static constexpr int min_thread_n = 64;
static constexpr int min_thread_k = 64;
#define __CALL_IF_MOE(THREAD_M_BLOCKS, THREAD_N_BLOCKS, THREAD_K_BLOCKS,      \
                      HAS_ACT_ORDER, GROUP_BLOCKS, NUM_THREADS)               \
  else if (thread_m_blocks == THREAD_M_BLOCKS &&                              \
           thread_n_blocks == THREAD_N_BLOCKS &&                              \
           thread_k_blocks == THREAD_K_BLOCKS &&                              \
           has_act_order == HAS_ACT_ORDER && group_blocks == GROUP_BLOCKS &&  \
           num_threads == NUM_THREADS) {                                      \
    cudaFuncSetAttribute(                                                     \
        MarlinMoE<NUM_THREADS, THREAD_M_BLOCKS, THREAD_N_BLOCKS,              \
                  THREAD_K_BLOCKS, STAGES, HAS_ACT_ORDER, GROUP_BLOCKS>,      \
        cudaFuncAttributeMaxDynamicSharedMemorySize, max_shared_mem);         \
    MarlinMoE<NUM_THREADS, THREAD_M_BLOCKS, THREAD_N_BLOCKS, THREAD_K_BLOCKS, \
              STAGES, HAS_ACT_ORDER, GROUP_BLOCKS>                            \
        <<<blocks, NUM_THREADS, max_shared_mem, stream>>>(                    \
            A_ptr, B_ptr, C_ptr, sorted_ids_ptr, topk_weights_ptr, s_ptr,     \
            g_idx_ptr, expert_offsets_ptr, num_groups, expert_idx,            \
            num_experts, topk, prob_m, prob_n, prob_k, tot_m, locks,          \
            replicate_input, apply_weights, m_block, max_par);                \
  }
typedef struct {
  int thread_k;
  int thread_n;
  int num_threads;
} thread_config_t;
thread_config_t small_batch_thread_configs[] = {
    // Ordered by priority
    // thread_k, thread_n, num_threads
    {128, 128, 256},  // Default
    {128, 64, 128},   // Reduce N 2X, same K
    {64, 256, 256},   // Reduce K 2X, increase N 2X
    {64, 128, 128},   // Reduce K 2X, same N
};
thread_config_t large_batch_thread_configs[] = {
    // Ordered by priority
    // thread_k, thread_n, num_threads
    {64, 256, 256},   // Default
    {128, 128, 256},  // Reduce N 2X, increase K 2X
    {64, 128, 128},   // Reduce N 2X, same K
    {128, 64, 128},   // Reduce N 4X, increase K 2X
};
bool is_valid_config(thread_config_t const& th_config, int prob_m, int prob_n,
                     int prob_k) {
  // Sanity
  if (th_config.thread_k == -1 || th_config.thread_n == -1 ||
      th_config.num_threads == -1) {
    return false;
  }
  // Verify K/N are divisible by thread K/N
  if (prob_k % th_config.thread_k != 0 || prob_n % th_config.thread_n != 0) {
    return false;
  }
  // thread_k can be only 128 or 64 (because it must be less than groupsize
  // which is 128)
  if (th_config.thread_k != 128 && th_config.thread_k != 64) {
    return false;
  }
  // Verify min for thread K/N
  if (th_config.thread_n < min_thread_n || th_config.thread_k < min_thread_k) {
    return false;
  }
  // num_threads must be at least 128 (= 4 warps)
  if (th_config.num_threads < 128) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}
thread_config_t determine_thread_config(int prob_m, int prob_n, int prob_k) {
  if (prob_m <= 16) {
    for (auto th_config : small_batch_thread_configs) {
      if (is_valid_config(th_config, prob_m, prob_n, prob_k)) {
        return th_config;
      }
    }
  } else {
    for (auto th_config : large_batch_thread_configs) {
      if (is_valid_config(th_config, prob_m, prob_n, prob_k)) {
        return th_config;
      }
    }
  }
  return thread_config_t{-1, -1, -1};
}
#define CALL_IF_MOE(N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, NUM_THREADS)           \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(1, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, true, 0, NUM_THREADS)   \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(2, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, true, 0, NUM_THREADS)   \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(3, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, true, 0, NUM_THREADS)   \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(4, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, true, 0, NUM_THREADS)   \
                                                               \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(1, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, -1, NUM_THREADS) \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(1, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 2, NUM_THREADS)  \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(1, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 4, NUM_THREADS)  \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(1, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 8, NUM_THREADS)  \
                                                               \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(2, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, -1, NUM_THREADS) \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(2, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 2, NUM_THREADS)  \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(2, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 4, NUM_THREADS)  \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(2, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 8, NUM_THREADS)  \
                                                               \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(3, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, -1, NUM_THREADS) \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(3, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 2, NUM_THREADS)  \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(3, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 4, NUM_THREADS)  \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(3, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 8, NUM_THREADS)  \
                                                               \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(4, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, -1, NUM_THREADS) \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(4, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 2, NUM_THREADS)  \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(4, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 4, NUM_THREADS)  \
  __CALL_IF_MOE(4, N_BLOCKS, K_BLOCKS, false, 8, NUM_THREADS)
void marlin_mm_moe_f16i4(const void* A, const void* B, void* C,
                         const void* sorted_ids, const void* topk_weights,
                         const void* topk_ids, const void* s, const void* g_idx,
                         const void* perm, void* a_tmp, void* expert_offsets,
                         int prob_m, int prob_n, int prob_k, void* workspace,
                         bool has_act_order, bool is_k_full, int num_groups,
                         int group_size, int num_experts, int topk,
                         int moe_block_size, int dev, cudaStream_t stream,
                         int thread_k, int thread_n, int sms, int max_par,
                         bool replicate_input, bool apply_weights) {
  TORCH_CHECK(prob_m > 0 && prob_n > 0 && prob_k > 0, "Invalid MNK = [", prob_m,
              ", ", prob_n, ", ", prob_k, "]");
  if (sms == -1) {
    cudaDeviceGetAttribute(&sms, cudaDevAttrMultiProcessorCount, dev);
  }
  // Set thread config
  thread_config_t th_config;
  if (thread_k != -1 && thread_n != -1) {
    // User-defined config
    th_config = thread_config_t{thread_k, thread_n, USER_THREADS};
  } else {
    // Auto config
    th_config = determine_thread_config(prob_m, prob_n, prob_k);
  }
  TORCH_CHECK(is_valid_config(th_config, prob_m, prob_n, prob_k),
              "Invalid thread config: thread_k = " + str(th_config.thread_k) +
                  ", thread_n = " + str(th_config.thread_n) +
                  ", num_threads = " + str(th_config.num_threads) +
                  " for MKN = [" + str(prob_m) + ", " + str(prob_k) + ", " +
                  str(prob_n) + "]");
  int num_threads = th_config.num_threads;
  thread_k = th_config.thread_k;
  thread_n = th_config.thread_n;
  int thread_k_blocks = thread_k / 16;
  int thread_n_blocks = thread_n / 16;
  int blocks = sms;
  TORCH_CHECK(prob_n % thread_n == 0, "prob_n = ", prob_n,
              " is not divisible by thread_n = ", thread_n);
  TORCH_CHECK(prob_k % thread_k == 0, "prob_k = ", prob_k,
              " is not divisible by thread_k = ", thread_k);
  int group_blocks = 0;
  if (has_act_order) {
    if (is_k_full) {
      TORCH_CHECK(group_size != -1);
      group_blocks = group_size / 16;
      TORCH_CHECK(prob_k % group_blocks == 0, "prob_k = ", prob_k,
                  " is not divisible by group_blocks = ", group_blocks);
    } else {
      TORCH_CHECK(group_size == 0);
      group_blocks = 0;
    }
  } else {
    if (group_size == -1) {
      group_blocks = -1;
    } else {
      group_blocks = group_size / 16;
      TORCH_CHECK(prob_k % group_blocks == 0, "prob_k = ", prob_k,
                  " is not divisible by group_blocks = ", group_blocks);
    }
  }
  int max_shared_mem = 0;
  cudaDeviceGetAttribute(&max_shared_mem,
                         cudaDevAttrMaxSharedMemoryPerBlockOptin, dev);
  TORCH_CHECK(max_shared_mem > 0);
  int tot_m = prob_m;
  const int* topk_ids_ptr = (const int*)topk_ids;
  int* expert_offsets_ptr = (int*)expert_offsets;
  compute_expert_offsets<<<1, num_experts, 0, stream>>>(
      topk_ids_ptr, expert_offsets_ptr, tot_m * topk, moe_block_size);
  bool do_permute_a = has_act_order;
  // If we have a full K, then we can run the non-act-order version of Marlin
  // (since the weight rows are reordered by increasing group ids, and by
  // having a full K, we have full original groups)
  if (is_k_full) {
    has_act_order = false;
  }
  for (int expert_idx = 0; expert_idx < num_experts; ++expert_idx) {
    const int4* A_ptr = (const int4*)A;
    int4* a_tmp_ptr = (int4*)a_tmp;
    const int4* B_ptr = (const int4*)B + (prob_n * prob_k / 32) * expert_idx;
    int4* C_ptr = (int4*)C;
    const float* topk_weights_ptr = (const float*)topk_weights;
    const int* sorted_ids_ptr = (const int*)sorted_ids;
    const int4* s_ptr =
        (const int4*)s +
        (((group_size == -1 || group_size == 0) ? 1 : prob_k / group_size) *
         prob_n / 8) *
            expert_idx;
    const int* g_idx_ptr = (const int*)g_idx + prob_k * expert_idx;
    const int* perm_ptr = (const int*)perm + prob_k * expert_idx;
    int* locks = (int*)workspace;
    if (do_permute_a) {
      // Permute A columns
      int topk_rows = replicate_input ? tot_m : tot_m * topk;
      int block_rows = ceildiv(topk_rows, blocks);
      permute_cols_kernel<<<blocks, num_threads, 0, stream>>>(
          A_ptr, perm_ptr, a_tmp_ptr, topk_rows, prob_k, block_rows);
      A_ptr = a_tmp_ptr;
    }
    int max_m_blocks = ceildiv(tot_m, 16);
    for (int m_block = 0; m_block < max_m_blocks; m_block += 16) {
      // Define kernel configurations
      // make it max possible value
      int thread_m_blocks = 4;
      if (false) {
      }
      CALL_IF_MOE(16, 4, 256)
      CALL_IF_MOE(8, 8, 256)
      CALL_IF_MOE(8, 4, 128)
      CALL_IF_MOE(4, 8, 128)
      else {
        TORCH_CHECK(false, "Unsupported shapes: MNK = [" + str(prob_m) + ", " +
                               str(prob_n) + ", " + str(prob_k) + "]" +
                               ", has_act_order = " + str(has_act_order) +
                               ", num_groups = " + str(num_groups) +
                               ", group_size = " + str(group_size) +
                               ", thread_m_blocks = " + str(thread_m_blocks) +
                               ", thread_n_blocks = " + str(thread_n_blocks) +
                               ", thread_k_blocks = " + str(thread_k_blocks));
      }
    }
  }
}
}  // namespace marlin_moe
torch::Tensor marlin_gemm_moe(
    const torch::Tensor& a, const torch::Tensor& b_q_weights,
    const torch::Tensor& sorted_ids, const torch::Tensor& topk_weights,
    const torch::Tensor& topk_ids, const torch::Tensor& b_scales,
    const torch::Tensor& g_idx, const torch::Tensor& perm,
    torch::Tensor& workspace, int64_t size_m, int64_t size_n, int64_t size_k,
    bool is_k_full, int64_t num_experts, int64_t topk, int64_t moe_block_size,
    bool replicate_input, bool apply_weights) {
  int max_par = 4;
  int dev = a.get_device();
  auto options_dtype =
      torch::TensorOptions().dtype(a.dtype()).device(a.device());
  auto options_int =
      torch::TensorOptions().dtype(torch::kInt).device(a.device());
  torch::Tensor c = torch::zeros({size_m, topk, size_n}, options_dtype);
  torch::Tensor a_tmp =
      replicate_input ? torch::zeros({size_m, size_k}, options_dtype)
                      : torch::zeros({size_m, topk, size_k}, options_dtype);
  torch::Tensor expert_offsets = torch::empty({num_experts + 1}, options_int);
  // thread_k: `k` size of a thread_tile in `weights` (can usually be left as
  // auto -1)
  int thread_k = -1;
  // thread_n: `n` size of a thread_tile in `weights` (can usually be left as
  // auto -1)
  int thread_n = -1;
  // sms: number of SMs to use for the kernel (can usually be left as auto -1)
  int sms = -1;
  // Detect groupsize and act_order
  int num_groups = -1;
  int group_size = -1;
  bool has_act_order = g_idx.size(1) != 0;
  int b_rank = b_scales.sizes().size();
  TORCH_CHECK(b_rank == 3, "b_scales rank = ", b_rank, " is not 3");
  TORCH_CHECK(b_scales.size(2) == size_n, "b_scales dim 2 = ", b_scales.size(2),
              " is not size_n = ", size_n);
  num_groups = b_scales.size(1);
  if (has_act_order) {
    if (is_k_full) {
      TORCH_CHECK(num_groups > 1, "For act_order, num_groups must be > 1");
      TORCH_CHECK(size_k % num_groups == 0, "size_k = ", size_k,
                  ", is not divisible by num_groups = ", num_groups);
      group_size = size_k / num_groups;
    } else {
      group_size = 0;
    }
  } else {
    if (num_groups > 1) {
      TORCH_CHECK(
          size_k % num_groups == 0, "size_k = ", size_k,
          ", is not divisible by b_scales.size(0) = ", b_scales.size(0));
      group_size = size_k / num_groups;
    } else {
      group_size = -1;
    }
  }
  marlin_moe::marlin_mm_moe_f16i4(
      a.data_ptr(), b_q_weights.data_ptr(), c.data_ptr(), sorted_ids.data_ptr(),
      topk_weights.data_ptr(), topk_ids.data_ptr(), b_scales.data_ptr(),
      g_idx.data_ptr(), perm.data_ptr(), a_tmp.data_ptr(),
      expert_offsets.data_ptr(), size_m, size_n, size_k, workspace.data_ptr(),
      has_act_order, is_k_full, num_groups, group_size, num_experts, topk,
      moe_block_size, dev, at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(dev), thread_k,
      thread_n, sms, max_par, replicate_input, apply_weights);
  return c;
}