aphrodite-engine/aphrodite/task_handler/model_runner.py

import contextlib
import time
from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Set, Union

import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from loguru import logger

from aphrodite.common.config import (
    DeviceConfig,
    ModelConfig,
    LoRAConfig,
    ParallelConfig,
    SchedulerConfig,
)
from aphrodite.common.logger import get_loading_progress_bar
from aphrodite.modeling import get_model, InputMetadata, SamplingMetadata
from aphrodite.modeling.megatron import cupy_utils
from aphrodite.modeling.megatron.communication_op import broadcast_tensor_dict
from aphrodite.modeling.megatron.parallel_state import (
    get_tensor_model_parallel_world_size,
    with_cupy_nccl_for_all_reduce,
)
from aphrodite.modeling.megatron import custom_all_reduce
from aphrodite.common.sampling_params import SamplingParams, SamplingType
from aphrodite.common.sequence import (
    SamplerOutput,
    SequenceData,
    SequenceGroupMetadata,
)
from aphrodite.modeling.sampling_metadata import PersistentMetadata
from aphrodite.lora.worker_manager import LRUCacheWorkerLoRAManager
from aphrodite.lora.layers import LoRAMapping
from aphrodite.lora.request import LoRARequest
from aphrodite.common.utils import in_wsl, measure_cuda_memory

KVCache = Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]
_PAD_SLOT_ID = -1
LORA_WARMUP_RANK = 8
# Capture graphs for batch size 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, ..., 256.
# NOTE: _get_graph_batch_size needs to be updated if this list is changed.
_BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE = [1, 2, 4] + [8 * i for i in range(1, 33)]


class ModelRunner:

    def __init__(
        self,
        model_config: ModelConfig,
        parallel_config: ParallelConfig,
        scheduler_config: SchedulerConfig,
        device_config: DeviceConfig,
        lora_config: Optional[LoRAConfig],
        kv_cache_dtype: Optional[str] = "auto",
        kv_quant_params_path: Optional[str] = None,
        is_driver_worker: bool = False,
    ):
        self.model_config = model_config
        self.parallel_config = parallel_config
        self.scheduler_config = scheduler_config
        self.lora_config = lora_config
        self.is_driver_worker = is_driver_worker

        # model_config can be None in tests/samplers/test_sampler.py.
        # FIXME: This is a hack to make the tests work. Refactor this.
        self.sliding_window = (model_config.get_sliding_window()
                               if model_config is not None else None)
        self.device_config = (device_config
                              if device_config is not None else DeviceConfig())
        self.device = self.device_config.device
        self.model = None
        self.block_size = None  # Set after initial profiling.
        self.lora_manager = None

        self.graph_runners: Dict[int, CUDAGraphRunner] = {}
        self.graph_memory_pool = None  # Set during graph capture.

        self.max_context_len_to_capture = (
            self.model_config.max_context_len_to_capture
            if self.model_config is not None else 0)
        # When using CUDA graph, the input block tables must be padded to
        # max_context_len_to_capture. However, creating the block table in
        # Python can be expensive. To optimize this, we cache the block table
        # in numpy and only copy the actual input content at every iteration.
        # The shape of the cached block table will be
        # (max batch size to capture, max context len to capture / block size).
        self.graph_block_tables = None  # Set after initial profiling.
        # cache in_wsl result
        self.in_wsl = in_wsl()
        self.kv_cache_dtype = kv_cache_dtype
        self.kv_quant_params = (self.load_kv_quant_params(
            model_config, kv_quant_params_path)
                                if self.kv_cache_dtype == "int8" else None)

    def load_kv_quant_params(self, model_config: ModelConfig,
                             kv_quant_params_path: str) -> List[List[float]]:
        if model_config is None:
            return None
        # Remove it when all models support kv cache int8.
        architectures = model_config.hf_config.architectures
        for arch in architectures:
            if arch not in ["LlamaForCausalLM", "LLaMAForCausalLM"]:
                raise ValueError(
                    "KV CACHE INT8 is not supported for model architectures "
                    f"{arch} for now. "
                    "Supported architectures: LlamaForCausalLM and "
                    "LLaMAForCausalLM.")
        num_layers = model_config.hf_config.num_hidden_layers
        kv_quant_params = []
        for i in range(num_layers):
            if kv_quant_params_path is not None:
                path = (kv_quant_params_path +
                        f"/layers.{i}.past_kv_scale.0.weight")
                kv_quant_param = list(np.fromfile(path, dtype=np.float32))
            kv_quant_params.append(kv_quant_param)
        return kv_quant_params

    def load_model(self) -> None:
        with measure_cuda_memory() as m:
            self.model = get_model(self.model_config, self.device_config,
                                   self.lora_config)
        self.model_memory_usage = m.consumed_memory
        tp = get_tensor_model_parallel_world_size()
        logger.info(
            "Model weights loaded. Memory usage: "
            f"{self.model_memory_usage / float(2**30):.2f} GiB x {tp} = "
            f"{self.model_memory_usage * tp / float(2**30):.2f} GiB")

        vocab_size = self.model.config.vocab_size

        if self.lora_config:
            assert (hasattr(self.model, "supported_lora_modules")
                    and self.model.supported_lora_modules
                    ), "Model does not support LoRA"
            assert hasattr(
                self.model,
                "embedding_modules"), "Model does not have embedding_modules"
            assert hasattr(self.model, "embedding_padding_modules"
                           ), "Model does not have embedding_padding_modules"
            self.lora_manager = LRUCacheWorkerLoRAManager(
                self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs,
                self.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens +
                self.scheduler_config.max_paddings,
                vocab_size,
                self.lora_config,
                self.device,
                self.model.embedding_modules,
                self.model.embedding_padding_modules,
            )
            self.model = self.lora_manager.create_lora_manager(self.model)

    def set_block_size(self, block_size: int) -> None:
        self.block_size = block_size

        max_num_blocks = (self.max_context_len_to_capture + block_size -
                          1) // block_size
        self.graph_block_tables = np.zeros(
            (max(_BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE), max_num_blocks), dtype=np.int32)

    def _prepare_prompt(
        self,
        seq_group_metadata_list: List[SequenceGroupMetadata],
    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, InputMetadata, List[int], List[int],
               List[int], List[int], Set[LoRARequest], ]:
        assert len(seq_group_metadata_list) > 0
        input_tokens: List[List[int]] = []
        input_positions: List[List[int]] = []
        slot_mapping: List[List[int]] = []
        lora_index_mapping: List[int] = []
        lora_prompt_mapping: List[int] = []
        lora_requests: Set[LoRARequest] = set()

        prompt_lens: List[int] = []
        context_lens: List[int] = []
        subquery_lens: List[int] = []
        prefix_block_tables: List[List[int]] = []
        for seq_group_metadata in seq_group_metadata_list:
            assert seq_group_metadata.is_prompt
            seq_ids = list(seq_group_metadata.seq_data.keys())
            assert len(seq_ids) == 1
            seq_id = seq_ids[0]

            seq_data = seq_group_metadata.seq_data[seq_id]
            prompt_tokens = seq_data.get_token_ids()
            prompt_len = len(prompt_tokens)
            prompt_lens.append(prompt_len)
            computed_len = 0

            # NOTE: This only works for oooooooxxx style attention.
            computed_block_nums = seq_group_metadata.computed_block_nums
            if (computed_block_nums is not None
                    and len(computed_block_nums) > 0
                    and self.sliding_window is None):
                # Prefix is not supported with sliding_window
                computed_len = len(computed_block_nums) * self.block_size
                prompt_tokens = prompt_tokens[computed_len:]
                prefix_block_tables.append(computed_block_nums)
            else:
                prefix_block_tables.append([])
            # actual prompt lens
            context_lens.append(computed_len)
            subquery_lens.append(prompt_len - computed_len)

            input_tokens.append(prompt_tokens)
            # NOTE: Here we assume that the first token in the prompt
            # is always the first token in the sequence.
            input_positions.append(
                list(range(computed_len, computed_len + len(prompt_tokens))))

            lora_id = seq_group_metadata.lora_int_id

            if lora_id > 0:
                lora_requests.add(seq_group_metadata.lora_request)

            lora_index_mapping.append([lora_id] * (prompt_len - computed_len))
            lora_prompt_mapping.extend(
                [lora_id] *
                (prompt_len - computed_len
                 if seq_group_metadata.sampling_params.prompt_logprobs else 1))

            if seq_group_metadata.block_tables is None:
                # During memory profiling, the block tables are not initialized
                # yet. In this case, we just use a dummy slot mapping.
                slot_mapping.append([_PAD_SLOT_ID] * prompt_len)
                continue

            # Compute the slot mapping.
            slot_mapping.append([])
            block_table = seq_group_metadata.block_tables[seq_id]
            # Mask the [0, start_idx) tokens of the prompt with _PAD_SLOT_ID,
            # where start_idx is max(0, prompt_len - sliding_window).
            # For example, if the prompt len is 10, sliding window is 8, and
            # block size is 4, the first two tokens are masked and the slot
            # mapping will be [-1, -1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1].
            start_idx = 0
            if self.sliding_window is not None:
                assert computed_len == 0, (
                    "Prefix caching is currently not supported with "
                    "sliding window attention")
                start_idx = max(0, prompt_len - self.sliding_window)
            for i in range(computed_len, prompt_len):
                if i < start_idx:
                    slot_mapping[-1].append(_PAD_SLOT_ID)
                    continue

                block_number = block_table[i // self.block_size]
                block_offset = i % self.block_size
                slot = block_number * self.block_size + block_offset
                slot_mapping[-1].append(slot)

        max_prompt_len = max(subquery_lens)
        input_tokens = _make_tensor_with_pad(
            input_tokens,
            max_prompt_len,
            pad=0,
            dtype=torch.long,
            device=self.device,
        )
        input_positions = _make_tensor_with_pad(
            input_positions,
            max_prompt_len,
            pad=0,
            dtype=torch.long,
            device=self.device,
        )
        slot_mapping = _make_tensor_with_pad(
            slot_mapping,
            max_prompt_len,
            pad=_PAD_SLOT_ID,
            dtype=torch.long,
            device=self.device,
        )
        lora_index_mapping = [
            _pad_to_max(mapping, max_prompt_len, pad=0)
            for mapping in lora_index_mapping
        ]
        context_lens_tensor = torch.tensor(context_lens,
                                           dtype=torch.int,
                                           device=self.device)
        # Prepare prefix block tables
        max_prompt_block_table_len = max(len(t) for t in prefix_block_tables)
        block_tables = _make_tensor_with_pad(
            prefix_block_tables,
            max_len=max_prompt_block_table_len,
            pad=0,
            dtype=torch.int,
            device=self.device,
        )
        start_loc_tensor = torch.arange(
            0,
            len(prompt_lens) * max_prompt_len,
            max_prompt_len,
            dtype=torch.long,
            device=self.device,
        )
        prompt_lens_tensor = torch.tensor(prompt_lens,
                                          dtype=torch.long,
                                          device=self.device)

        input_metadata = InputMetadata(
            is_prompt=True,
            slot_mapping=slot_mapping,
            prompt_lens=prompt_lens_tensor,
            max_seq_len=max_prompt_len,
            start_loc=start_loc_tensor,
            max_context_len=None,
            context_lens=context_lens_tensor,
            block_tables=block_tables,
            use_cuda_graph=False,
            kv_cache_dtype=self.kv_cache_dtype,
            kv_quant_params=self.kv_quant_params,
        )
        return (
            input_tokens,
            input_positions,
            input_metadata,
            prompt_lens,
            subquery_lens,
            lora_index_mapping,
            lora_prompt_mapping,
            lora_requests,
        )

    def _prepare_decode(
        self,
        seq_group_metadata_list: List[SequenceGroupMetadata],
    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, InputMetadata, List[int], List[int],
               Set[LoRARequest], ]:
        assert len(seq_group_metadata_list) > 0
        input_tokens: List[List[int]] = []
        input_positions: List[List[int]] = []
        slot_mapping: List[List[int]] = []
        context_lens: List[int] = []
        block_tables: List[List[int]] = []
        lora_index_mapping: List[int] = []
        lora_prompt_mapping: List[int] = []
        lora_requests: Set[LoRARequest] = set()

        for seq_group_metadata in seq_group_metadata_list:
            assert not seq_group_metadata.is_prompt

            seq_ids = list(seq_group_metadata.seq_data.keys())
            lora_id = seq_group_metadata.lora_int_id

            if lora_id > 0:
                lora_requests.add(seq_group_metadata.lora_request)

            for seq_id in seq_ids:
                seq_data = seq_group_metadata.seq_data[seq_id]
                generation_token = seq_data.get_last_token_id()
                input_tokens.append([generation_token])

                seq_len = seq_data.get_len()
                position = seq_len - 1
                input_positions.append([position])

                context_len = (seq_len if self.sliding_window is None else min(
                    seq_len, self.sliding_window))
                context_lens.append(context_len)

                block_table = seq_group_metadata.block_tables[seq_id]
                block_number = block_table[position // self.block_size]
                block_offset = position % self.block_size
                slot = block_number * self.block_size + block_offset
                slot_mapping.append([slot])
                lora_index_mapping.append([lora_id])
                lora_prompt_mapping.append(lora_id)

                if self.sliding_window is not None:
                    sliding_window_blocks = (self.sliding_window //
                                             self.block_size)
                    block_table = block_table[-sliding_window_blocks:]
                block_tables.append(block_table)

        batch_size = len(input_tokens)
        max_context_len = max(context_lens)
        use_captured_graph = (
            not self.model_config.enforce_eager
            and batch_size <= _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE[-1]
            and max_context_len <= self.max_context_len_to_capture)
        if use_captured_graph:
            # Pad the input tokens, positions, and slot mapping to match the
            # batch size of the captured graph.
            graph_batch_size = _get_graph_batch_size(batch_size)
            assert graph_batch_size >= batch_size
            for _ in range(graph_batch_size - batch_size):
                input_tokens.append([])
                input_positions.append([])
                slot_mapping.append([])
                context_lens.append(1)
                block_tables.append([])
            batch_size = graph_batch_size

        input_tokens = _make_tensor_with_pad(input_tokens,
                                             max_len=1,
                                             pad=0,
                                             dtype=torch.long,
                                             device=self.device)
        input_positions = _make_tensor_with_pad(
            input_positions,
            max_len=1,
            pad=0,
            dtype=torch.long,
            device=self.device,
        )
        slot_mapping = _make_tensor_with_pad(
            slot_mapping,
            max_len=1,
            pad=_PAD_SLOT_ID,
            dtype=torch.long,
            device=self.device,
        )
        context_lens = torch.tensor(context_lens,
                                    dtype=torch.int,
                                    device=self.device)

        if use_captured_graph:
            # The shape of graph_block_tables is
            # [max batch size, max context len // block size].
            input_block_tables = self.graph_block_tables[:batch_size]
            for i, block_table in enumerate(block_tables):
                if block_table:
                    input_block_tables[i, :len(block_table)] = block_table
            block_tables = torch.tensor(input_block_tables, device=self.device)
        else:
            max_block_table_len = max(
                len(block_table) for block_table in block_tables)
            block_tables = _make_tensor_with_pad(
                block_tables,
                max_len=max_block_table_len,
                pad=0,
                dtype=torch.int,
                device=self.device,
            )

        lora_index_mapping = [
            _pad_to_max(mapping, 1, pad=0) for mapping in lora_index_mapping
        ]

        input_metadata = InputMetadata(
            is_prompt=False,
            slot_mapping=slot_mapping,
            prompt_lens=None,
            max_seq_len=None,
            start_loc=None,
            max_context_len=max_context_len,
            context_lens=context_lens,
            block_tables=block_tables,
            use_cuda_graph=use_captured_graph,
            kv_cache_dtype=self.kv_cache_dtype,
            kv_quant_params=self.kv_quant_params,
        )
        return (
            input_tokens,
            input_positions,
            input_metadata,
            lora_index_mapping,
            lora_prompt_mapping,
            lora_requests,
        )

    def _prepare_sample(
        self,
        seq_group_metadata_list: List[SequenceGroupMetadata],
        prompt_lens: List[int],
        subquery_lens: Optional[List[int]],
    ) -> SamplingMetadata:
        seq_groups: List[Tuple[List[int], SamplingParams]] = []
        selected_token_indices: List[int] = []
        generators: List[torch.Generator] = []
        selected_token_start_idx = 0
        categorized_sample_indices = {t: [] for t in SamplingType}
        categorized_sample_indices_start_idx = 0

        max_subquery_len = max(subquery_lens) if subquery_lens else 1
        for i, seq_group_metadata in enumerate(seq_group_metadata_list):
            seq_ids = list(seq_group_metadata.seq_data.keys())
            sampling_params = seq_group_metadata.sampling_params
            seq_groups.append((seq_ids, sampling_params))

            if seq_group_metadata.is_prompt:
                assert len(seq_ids) == 1
                assert subquery_lens is not None
                subquery_len = subquery_lens[i]
                if sampling_params.prompt_logprobs is not None:
                    # NOTE: prompt token positions do not need sample, skip
                    categorized_sample_indices_start_idx += subquery_len - 1

                categorized_sample_indices[
                    sampling_params.sampling_type].append(
                        categorized_sample_indices_start_idx)
                categorized_sample_indices_start_idx += 1

                if sampling_params.prompt_logprobs is not None:
                    selected_token_indices.extend(
                        range(
                            selected_token_start_idx,
                            selected_token_start_idx + subquery_len - 1,
                        ))
                selected_token_indices.append(selected_token_start_idx +
                                              subquery_len - 1)
                selected_token_start_idx += max_subquery_len
                if sampling_params.seed is not None:
                    seq_group_metadata.state.generator = torch.Generator(
                        device="cuda").manual_seed(sampling_params.seed)
            else:
                num_seqs = len(seq_ids)
                selected_token_indices.extend(
                    range(
                        selected_token_start_idx,
                        selected_token_start_idx + num_seqs,
                    ))
                selected_token_start_idx += num_seqs

                categorized_sample_indices[
                    sampling_params.sampling_type].extend(
                        range(
                            categorized_sample_indices_start_idx,
                            categorized_sample_indices_start_idx + num_seqs,
                        ))
                categorized_sample_indices_start_idx += num_seqs

            if sampling_params.seed is not None:
                generators.append(seq_group_metadata.state.generator)

        selected_token_indices = _async_h2d(
            selected_token_indices,
            dtype=torch.long,
            target_device=self.device,
            pin_memory=not self.in_wsl,
        )
        categorized_sample_indices = {
            t: _async_h2d(
                seq_ids,
                dtype=torch.int,
                target_device=self.device,
                pin_memory=not self.in_wsl,
            )
            for t, seq_ids in categorized_sample_indices.items()
        }

        seq_data: Dict[int, SequenceData] = {}
        for seq_group_metadata in seq_group_metadata_list:
            seq_data.update(seq_group_metadata.seq_data)

        seq_persistence_data: Dict[int, dict] = {}
        for grp in seq_group_metadata_list:
            seq_persistence_data.update(grp.persistent_data)

        sampling_metadata = SamplingMetadata(
            seq_groups=seq_groups,
            seq_data=seq_data,
            prompt_lens=prompt_lens,
            selected_token_indices=selected_token_indices,
            categorized_sample_indices=categorized_sample_indices,
            generators=generators,
            persistent_metadata=PersistentMetadata(seq_persistence_data),
        )
        return sampling_metadata

    def prepare_input_tensors(
        self,
        seq_group_metadata_list: Optional[List[SequenceGroupMetadata]],
    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, InputMetadata, SamplingMetadata,
               Set[int], LoRAMapping, ]:
        if self.is_driver_worker:
            # NOTE: We assume that all sequences in the group are all prompts or
            # all decodes.
            is_prompt = seq_group_metadata_list[0].is_prompt
            # Prepare input tensors.
            if is_prompt:
                (
                    input_tokens,
                    input_positions,
                    input_metadata,
                    prompt_lens,
                    subquery_lens,
                    lora_index_mapping,
                    lora_prompt_mapping,
                    lora_requests,
                ) = self._prepare_prompt(seq_group_metadata_list)
            else:
                (
                    input_tokens,
                    input_positions,
                    input_metadata,
                    lora_index_mapping,
                    lora_prompt_mapping,
                    lora_requests,
                ) = self._prepare_decode(seq_group_metadata_list)
                prompt_lens = []
                subquery_lens = None
            sampling_metadata = self._prepare_sample(seq_group_metadata_list,
                                                     prompt_lens,
                                                     subquery_lens)

            if self.lora_config:
                flat_lora_index_mapping = [
                    item for sublist in lora_index_mapping for item in sublist
                ]
                lora_mapping = LoRAMapping(
                    flat_lora_index_mapping,
                    lora_prompt_mapping,
                )
            else:
                lora_mapping = None

            # Broadcast the metadata.
            metadata_dict = {
                "input_tokens": input_tokens,
                "input_positions": input_positions,
                "is_prompt": input_metadata.is_prompt,
                "slot_mapping": input_metadata.slot_mapping,
                "prompt_lens": input_metadata.prompt_lens,
                "max_seq_len": input_metadata.max_seq_len,
                "start_loc": input_metadata.start_loc,
                "max_context_len": input_metadata.max_context_len,
                "context_lens": input_metadata.context_lens,
                "block_tables": input_metadata.block_tables,
                "use_cuda_graph": input_metadata.use_cuda_graph,
                "kv_cache_dtype": input_metadata.kv_cache_dtype,
                "kv_quant_params": input_metadata.kv_quant_params,
                "selected_token_indices":
                sampling_metadata.selected_token_indices,  # noqa
                "lora_requests": lora_requests,
                "lora_mapping": lora_mapping,
            }
            broadcast_tensor_dict(metadata_dict, src=0)
        else:
            metadata_dict = broadcast_tensor_dict(src=0)
            input_tokens = metadata_dict["input_tokens"]
            input_positions = metadata_dict["input_positions"]
            lora_mapping = metadata_dict["lora_mapping"]
            lora_requests = metadata_dict["lora_requests"]
            input_metadata = InputMetadata(
                is_prompt=metadata_dict["is_prompt"],
                slot_mapping=metadata_dict["slot_mapping"],
                prompt_lens=metadata_dict["prompt_lens"],
                max_seq_len=metadata_dict["max_seq_len"],
                start_loc=metadata_dict["start_loc"],
                max_context_len=metadata_dict["max_context_len"],
                context_lens=metadata_dict["context_lens"],
                block_tables=metadata_dict["block_tables"],
                use_cuda_graph=metadata_dict["use_cuda_graph"],
                kv_cache_dtype=metadata_dict["kv_cache_dtype"],
                kv_quant_params=metadata_dict["kv_quant_params"],
            )
            sampling_metadata = SamplingMetadata(
                seq_groups=None,
                seq_data=None,
                prompt_lens=None,
                selected_token_indices=metadata_dict["selected_token_indices"],
                categorized_sample_indices=None,
                generators=None,
                perform_sampling=False,
            )

        return (
            input_tokens,
            input_positions,
            input_metadata,
            sampling_metadata,
            lora_requests,
            lora_mapping,
        )

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def execute_model(
        self,
        seq_group_metadata_list: Optional[List[SequenceGroupMetadata]],
        kv_caches: List[Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]],
    ) -> Optional[SamplerOutput]:
        (
            input_tokens,
            input_positions,
            input_metadata,
            sampling_metadata,
            lora_requests,
            lora_mapping,
        ) = self.prepare_input_tensors(seq_group_metadata_list)

        if self.lora_config:
            self.set_active_loras(lora_requests, lora_mapping)

        # Execute the model.
        if input_metadata.use_cuda_graph:
            graph_batch_size = input_tokens.shape[0]
            model_executable = self.graph_runners[graph_batch_size]
        else:
            model_executable = self.model
        hidden_states = model_executable(
            input_ids=input_tokens,
            positions=input_positions,
            kv_caches=kv_caches,
            input_metadata=input_metadata,
        )

        # Sample the next token.
        output = self.model.sample(
            hidden_states=hidden_states,
            sampling_metadata=sampling_metadata,
        )
        return output

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def profile_run(self) -> None:
        # Enable top-k sampling to reflect the accurate memory usage.
        vocab_size = self.model_config.get_vocab_size()
        sampling_params = SamplingParams(top_p=0.99, top_k=vocab_size - 1)
        max_num_batched_tokens = self.scheduler_config.max_num_batched_tokens
        max_num_seqs = self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs

        # This represents the maximum number of different requests
        # that will have unique loras, an therefore the max amount of memory
        # consumption create dummy lora request copies from the lora request
        # passed in, which contains a lora from the lora warmup path.
        dummy_lora_requests = []
        dummy_lora_requests_per_seq = []
        if self.lora_config:
            for idx in range(self.lora_config.max_loras):
                lora_id = idx + 1
                dummy_lora_request = LoRARequest(
                    lora_name=f"warmup_{lora_id}",
                    lora_int_id=lora_id,
                    lora_local_path="/not/a/real/path",
                )
                self.lora_manager.add_dummy_lora(dummy_lora_request,
                                                 rank=LORA_WARMUP_RANK)
                dummy_lora_requests.append(dummy_lora_request)
            dummy_lora_requests_per_seq = [
                dummy_lora_requests[idx % len(dummy_lora_requests)]
                for idx in range(max_num_seqs)
            ]

        # Profile memory usage with max_num_sequences sequences and the total
        # number of tokens equal to max_num_batched_tokens.
        seqs: List[SequenceGroupMetadata] = []
        for group_id in range(max_num_seqs):
            seq_len = max_num_batched_tokens // max_num_seqs + (
                group_id < max_num_batched_tokens % max_num_seqs)
            seq_data = SequenceData([0] * seq_len)
            seq = SequenceGroupMetadata(
                request_id=str(group_id),
                is_prompt=True,
                seq_data={group_id: seq_data},
                sampling_params=sampling_params,
                block_tables=None,
                persistent_data={},
                lora_request=dummy_lora_requests_per_seq[group_id]
                if dummy_lora_requests_per_seq else None,
            )
            seqs.append(seq)

        # Run the model with the dummy inputs.
        num_layers = self.model_config.get_num_layers(self.parallel_config)
        kv_caches = [(None, None)] * num_layers
        self.execute_model(seqs, kv_caches)
        torch.cuda.synchronize()
        return

    def remove_all_loras(self) -> bool:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        return self.lora_manager.remove_all_loras()

    def set_active_loras(self, lora_requests: List[LoRARequest],
                         lora_mapping: LoRAMapping) -> None:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        self.lora_manager.set_active_loras(lora_requests, lora_mapping)

    def add_lora(self, lora_request: LoRARequest) -> bool:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        return self.lora_manager.add_lora(lora_request)

    def remove_lora(self, lora_id: int) -> bool:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        return self.lora_manager.remove_lora(lora_id)

    def list_loras(self) -> Set[int]:
        if not self.lora_manager:
            raise RuntimeError("LoRA is not enabled.")
        return self.lora_manager.list_loras()

    @torch.inference_mode()
    def capture_model(self, kv_caches: List[KVCache]) -> None:
        # NOTE: This is a hack to ensure that the NCCL backend is never
        # deleted before the CUDA graph
        self.cupy_nccl_backend = cupy_utils.get_nccl_backend()
        assert not self.model_config.enforce_eager
        logger.info("Capturing the model for CUDA graphs. This may lead to "
                    "unexpected consequences if the model is not static. To "
                    "run the model in eager mode, set 'enforce_eager=True' or "
                    "use '--enforce-eager' in the CLI.")
        logger.warning("CUDA graphs can take additional 1~3 GiB of memory "
                       "per GPU. If you are running out of memory, consider "
                       "decreasing `gpu_memory_utilization` or enforcing "
                       "eager mode.")
        start_time = time.perf_counter()

        # Prepare dummy inputs. These will be reused for all batch sizes.
        max_batch_size = max(_BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE)
        input_tokens = torch.zeros(max_batch_size, 1, dtype=torch.long).cuda()
        input_positions = torch.zeros(max_batch_size, 1,
                                      dtype=torch.long).cuda()
        slot_mapping = torch.empty(max_batch_size, 1, dtype=torch.long).cuda()
        slot_mapping.fill_(_PAD_SLOT_ID)
        context_lens = torch.ones(max_batch_size, dtype=torch.int32).cuda()
        block_tables = torch.from_numpy(self.graph_block_tables).cuda()

        graph_batch_size = _get_graph_batch_size(
            self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs)
        batch_size_capture_list = [
            bs for bs in _BATCH_SIZES_TO_CAPTURE if bs <= graph_batch_size
        ]

        # NOTE: Capturing the largest batch size first may help reduce the
        # memory usage of CUDA graph.
        # NOTE: There are 3 backends for all-reduce: custom all-reduce
        # kernel, CuPy NCCL, and PyTorch NCCL. When using CUDA graph, we use
        # either custom all-reduce kernel or CuPy NCCL. When not using CUDA
        # graph, we use either custom all-reduce kernel or PyTorch NCCL.
        # We always prioritize using custom all-reduce kernel but fall back
        # to PyTorch or CuPy NCCL if it is disabled or not supported.
        # Initialize a new progress bar
        progress = get_loading_progress_bar()
        task = progress.add_task("[cyan]Capturing graph...",
                                 total=len(batch_size_capture_list))

        with progress, custom_all_reduce.capture():
            for batch_size in reversed(batch_size_capture_list):
                if batch_size > self.scheduler_config.max_num_seqs:
                    continue
                # Create dummy input_metadata.
                input_metadata = InputMetadata(
                    is_prompt=False,
                    slot_mapping=slot_mapping[:batch_size],
                    prompt_lens=None,
                    max_seq_len=None,
                    start_loc=None,
                    max_context_len=self.max_context_len_to_capture,
                    context_lens=context_lens[:batch_size],
                    block_tables=block_tables[:batch_size],
                    use_cuda_graph=True,
                    kv_cache_dtype=self.kv_cache_dtype,
                    kv_quant_params=self.kv_quant_params,
                )

                if self.lora_config:
                    lora_mapping = LoRAMapping(
                        [0] * batch_size,
                        [0] * batch_size,
                    )
                    self.set_active_loras(set(), lora_mapping)

                graph_runner = CUDAGraphRunner(self.model)
                graph_runner.capture(
                    input_tokens[:batch_size],
                    input_positions[:batch_size],
                    kv_caches,
                    input_metadata,
                    memory_pool=self.graph_memory_pool,
                )
                self.graph_memory_pool = graph_runner.graph.pool()
                self.graph_runners[batch_size] = graph_runner
                # Update the progress bar
                progress.update(task, advance=1)
        end_time = time.perf_counter()
        elapsed_time = end_time - start_time
        # This usually takes < 10 seconds.
        logger.info(f"Graph capturing finished in {elapsed_time:.0f} secs.")

    def __del__(self) -> None:
        # Delete the CUDA graphs before deleting the CuPy NCCL communicator.
        # NOTE: This is necessary because otherwise deadlocks can
        # happen.
        # FIXME: This is a bit hacky. Find a more robust solution.
        self.graph_runners.clear()
        self.cupy_nccl_backend = None


class CUDAGraphRunner:

    def __init__(self, model: nn.Module):
        self.model = model
        self.graph = None
        self.input_buffers: Dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}
        self.output_buffers: Dict[str, torch.Tensor] = {}

    def capture(
        self,
        input_ids: torch.Tensor,
        positions: torch.Tensor,
        kv_caches: List[KVCache],
        input_metadata: InputMetadata,
        memory_pool,
    ) -> None:
        assert self.graph is None
        # Run the model once without capturing the graph.
        # This is to make sure that the captured graph does not include the
        # kernel launches for initial benchmarking (e.g., Triton autotune).
        with _maybe_cupy_nccl():
            self.model(
                input_ids,
                positions,
                kv_caches,
                input_metadata,
            )
        torch.cuda.synchronize()

        # Capture the graph.
        # NOTE: Python 3.8 does not support multi-line with statements.
        # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31039022/python-multi-line-with-statement
        self.graph = torch.cuda.CUDAGraph()
        with torch.cuda.graph(self.graph,
                              pool=memory_pool), _maybe_cupy_nccl():
            hidden_states = self.model(
                input_ids,
                positions,
                kv_caches,
                input_metadata,
            )
        torch.cuda.synchronize()

        # Save the input and output buffers.
        self.input_buffers = {
            "input_ids": input_ids,
            "positions": positions,
            "kv_caches": kv_caches,
            "slot_mapping": input_metadata.slot_mapping,
            "context_lens": input_metadata.context_lens,
            "block_tables": input_metadata.block_tables,
        }
        self.output_buffers = {"hidden_states": hidden_states}
        return

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: torch.Tensor,
        positions: torch.Tensor,
        kv_caches: List[Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]],
        input_metadata: InputMetadata,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        # KV caches are fixed tensors, so we don't need to copy them.
        del kv_caches

        # Copy the input tensors to the input buffers.
        self.input_buffers["input_ids"].copy_(input_ids, non_blocking=True)
        self.input_buffers["positions"].copy_(positions, non_blocking=True)
        self.input_buffers["slot_mapping"].copy_(input_metadata.slot_mapping,
                                                 non_blocking=True)
        self.input_buffers["context_lens"].copy_(input_metadata.context_lens,
                                                 non_blocking=True)
        self.input_buffers["block_tables"].copy_(input_metadata.block_tables,
                                                 non_blocking=True)

        # Run the graph.
        self.graph.replay()

        # Return the output tensor.
        return self.output_buffers["hidden_states"]

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.forward(*args, **kwargs)


@contextlib.contextmanager
def _maybe_cupy_nccl():
    if cupy_utils.is_initialized() and not custom_all_reduce.is_initialized():
        with with_cupy_nccl_for_all_reduce():
            yield
    else:
        yield


def _pad_to_max(x: List[int], max_len: int, pad: int) -> List[int]:
    assert len(x) <= max_len
    return x + [pad] * (max_len - len(x))


def _make_tensor_with_pad(
    x: List[List[int]],
    max_len: int,
    pad: int,
    dtype: torch.dtype,
    device: Optional[Union[str, torch.device]],
) -> torch.Tensor:
    padded_x = [_pad_to_max(x_i, max_len, pad) for x_i in x]
    return torch.tensor(padded_x, dtype=dtype, device=device)


def _get_graph_batch_size(batch_size: int) -> int:
    if batch_size <= 2:
        return batch_size
    elif batch_size <= 4:
        return 4
    else:
        return (batch_size + 7) // 8 * 8


def _async_h2d(
    data: list,
    dtype: torch.dtype,
    target_device: Union[str, torch.device],
    pin_memory: bool,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    t = torch.tensor(data, dtype=dtype, pin_memory=pin_memory, device="cpu")
    return t.to(device=target_device, non_blocking=True)